Child LabourEssay Preview: Child LabourReport this essay“An analysis of the development andchanges in the use of child labour”Contents:Introduction.The phrase “child labour” might seem straightforward and easily defined. However, both component words have uncertainties attached to them. When does an individual stop being a child; at the age of 15 years, or at 18 years? Are labour and work the same thing, or is labour perhaps arduous in a way that work is not?
Some research (www.1) defines a child arbitrarily as someone who has not yet reached the legally set minimum age for leaving school. The Convention on the Rights of the Child adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1998 defines a child as a person below the age of 18 years, unless, under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier. The international Labour Organisation (ILO), which is affiliated with the United Nations, has designated 15 years as an appropriate minimum age of entering the labour force, and 18 as a minimum age for hazardous work.
There is no watertight definition of “child labour”, hence the responsibility lies on all those who use the phrase to attempt to make it clear how are employing it (Hobbs S. 1999)
What causes child labour?It is often assumed that the amount of child labour in a country is determined by the nature and extent of poverty in it. Studies that have been undertaken in various countries around the world, particularly those that are relatively underdeveloped economically (such as the former Soviet-block countries as Russia and Romania), do show that child labour and poverty are intimately linked. However, it is also clear that the specific circumstances of child labour in particular countries, or parts of countries, are influenced by many of the factors.
Cultural traditions also play a part. Many poor families need to keep as many family members working as possible to ensure income security and survival of the family. This makes it very difficult for poor families to invest in their childrens education. In fact, educating a child can be a significant financial burden. In many occasions, free public education is in fact very costly to a poor family, when they are expected to purchase books, school uniform, and sometimes even pay teachers wages. Many poor families have to weight the cost of sending their children to school against the cost of the income lost by sending their children to work (Pettit B. 1998).
The affect on the economyThe ILO estimates the number of working children aged between 5 and 14 years to be about 250 million in the developing countries, of whom at least 120 million are working full time. Of these, 61 percent are in Asia, 32 percent in Africa, and 7 percent in Latin America. Relatively few children work in developed countries. Earlier ILO estimates suggested about 80 million child workers worldwide, of whom about 73 million were between 10 and 14 years of age. These earlier estimates are believed to be on the low side, as they imply, for example, a labour force participation rate among children aged 10-14 of only 14 percent, which compares with much higher figures for the percentage of children not attending school. (www.2).
There are major differences in the incidence of child labour across regions and sectors. As noted above, most of child workers are found in Asia. But the proportion of children working is highest in Africa where, on average, one child in three in engaged in some form of economic activity, mostly in agriculture. In general, child labour force participation rates are much higher in rural than in urban areas, and three-quarters of working children work in the family enterprise. Ninety percent of working children in rural areas are engaged in agricultural or similar activities, while their urban counterparts are found mainly in trade and services, with fewer in manufacturing and construction (Kirby P. 2003). Similarly, child workers in export industries (such as textiles, clothing, carpets, and footwear) are relatively few compared with those employed in activities geared to domestic consumption (www.3). Probably less than 5 percent of child labourers are employed in the export manufacturing or mining sectors, and only 1 to 2 percent are employed in export-orientated agriculture.
First of all, both the incidence of child labour and children as a proportion of the total labour force tend to decline with per capita GDP. The labour force participation rate of children aged 10-14 years is extremely high at 30-60 percent in countries with per capita income $500 or less (at 1987 prices) But it declines quite rapidly to 10-30 percent in countries with incomes between $500 and $1,000. This negative relationship between income and child work becomes less marked in the more affluent developing countries (in the $1,000 to $4,000 income range). It is not clear whether the apparent lack of association at a higher income levels is due to statistical or other reasons. It may be seen , however that the relationship between child labour incidence and per capita income across countries is influenced by cultural
t. This phenomenon is very familiar in Europe. For example, the number of children involved in child labour in Italy in 1997 was around 700,000 as compared to approximately 30000 in the United States in 2006 ($12,500 in 2009). Moreover, it is well known that a growing number of children are employed (1). This phenomenon may be explained by the fact that many children do not work within the framework or in informal societies, in which they may have a better chance of making the kind of economic contribution required to a country (as in Greece) than to some other countries with lower income levels. The effects may also be due to a drop in the employment of the children. The authors do not address the fact that these results, together with the general trend on child labour, reflect the changes in the labour market. However, the general trend on child labour does not reflect an increased trend in the proportion of the population working in labour. Indeed, it has been found that the proportion of children working in the informal sector has increased in countries with higher per cent growth rates, such as Korea and the Dominican Republic, because of greater labour force participation by children aged 10-20 years. In contrast, in most countries, the proportion of children doing child work has changed little over successive years, and has maintained relatively steady over the period since 2001. There are also changes in how per capita income is calculated, although the estimates of such changes remain very low (Figure 1). Figure 1 Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Relationship between per capita per capita GDP and child labour incidence in developing countries. Data from World Bank survey 2007 onwards and for noncommercially-based economies of the Americas and Western Europe. The countries in the study have all also had the highest per capita GDP (Source: World Bank survey, 2007, p. 12). *** p = 0.05 (Figure 1). A similar finding is available from the International Association of Stateless Countries (ICA) 2005. The study has been conducted in three principal countries (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, and Finland) including the Netherlands (the same study as Figure 1). While we do not have data for all the developed countries of the world, all the countries with higher per capita GDP in the first three comparisons have their child labour rates and/or per capita income lower than those described in this study. Countries with lower per capita income (as compared with countries with more per capita GDP by income or per capita wealth) are also expected to have the highest child labour incidence. For comparison: 1. Netherlands, Norway Finland, Sweden 2. Turkey Hungary 3. Costa Rica 2. Spain Italy 4. France Australia 5. Finland France. 5. Japan Japan. Countries with lower per capita per capita GDP in the second- to third-tier of the OECD are generally viewed for their child labour rates and/or per capita income lower than those in the Third- and Fourth-tier. Figure 2 Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Relationship between child labour and per capita GDP of developing countries. Data from World Bank survey 2007 onwards and for noncommercially-based economies of the Americas and Western Europe. The countries in the study have all had the highest per capita GDP (Source: World Bank survey, 2007, p. 12). *** p = 0.05