Essay About Tunneling.The Transmission Uses Electrons.Schleiden And Cell Theory

Science Guide to 7th Grade
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Chapter 1Section 1: discovering cellsCells are the basic units of structure in a living thing.Cells were first discovered by Robert Hooke who used a microscope on cork and found dead cells.The transmission is the strongest microscope besides for the tunneling.the transmission uses electrons.Schleiden said all plants were made of cells.Schwann said all animals were made from cells.Virchow said all living things are composed from cells.virchow said all cells made from other cells.^^^^These statements were gathered and made the cell theory.2 or more[pic 1]^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ is a diagram of a microscope remember these parts !!Section 2:Looking in cellsAnimal cells have centrioles and lysosomes      [pic 2][pic 3][pic 4]Plant cells have chloroplast and a bigger vacuole and starch grains and cell wallThey both have E.R., Mitochondria, Nucleus, Nucleolus, golgi body, Ribosomes, cytoplasm, and MembraneCytoplasm is the filling of the cellE.R. transports proteins (hallways)Membrane controls what goes in and out it is phospholipid bilayerCell walls  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ morebacteria, fungus also have cell wallsmost of the cells we have are specialized Mitochondria power the cell through breaking glucose the have double membrane makes ATPChloroplast capture solar energy (only in plant cells)Nucleus has chromatin (DNA) which is basically the blueprint on how to run the cell it has pores (holes) that connect to E.R..vacuole = storage tank  basically Vacuole holds stuffplant cell has big vacuole animal cell has multiplelysosomes = garbage dep. Lysosome breaks down stuff using enzymesChromatin can condense to chromosomes that play a role in mitosis and meiosisNucleolus makes ribosomes nucleolus inside nucleusGolgi Body package materials and sends them (amazon)Lysosome breaks down stuff using enzymescentrioles play a big role in cell divisionRibosomes make proteins bars = cell wall / screen = membrane  (brooklyn windows)                   Section 3:Chemical Compounds in cellslipids = fats oils (C,H,o)carbohydrates =sugar ( C,H,O)proteins = meats chicken made of amino acids (C,H,O,N,S)Nucleic acids = DNA + RNAamino acids = smaller pieces that come together to make proteinsknow periodic tables in your notescarbon = key element for all organic compoundshydrogen in all organic compounds  vital for life nitrogen critical for proteins  + nucleic acidssodium important for water balance in cells and organismsOxygen we need for respiration needed for lifePotassium Is important for water balance in cells and organismsChlorine Water balance + other stuffSulfur in amino acids and thus some proteinsPhosphorus part of cell membrane ATP needed for bones elements cannot be broken down anymore made by atomscompounds made by molecules    Section 4:The Cell in Its Environment  Diffusion is when the molecules spread due to more in one area then another area Osmosis is when water molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration it does not require energy passive transport does not require energy osmosis and diffusion also does not Active transport is using energy Engulfing uses energy (endocytosis) transport proteins use energy tooendocytosis = engulfingexocytosis looks like an acne commercial                        Chapter 2:Cell processes and energySection 1:Photosynthesis with accel.autotroph make food heterotroph kills things and eats thempigments are colored chemicals that capture energychloroplast is a pigment Carbon dioxide enters the plant through the stomatacarotenoids xanthophylls and anthocyanins are pigmentsribosomes are in chloroplastsIn the chloroplasts the light reactions occur in the thylakoid membranesA plant needs CO2 H2O and RAYS FROM SUNThe calvin cycle is the dark reactions that occur in the stromamagnesium is in chlorophyllPhotosynthesis6CO2+ 6H2O——–>C6H12O6+O6from one glucose molecule 30 to 38 atp are produced from resp.        Section 2: Respiration and accelGlycolysis occurs in cytoplasm it breaks down glucoseKrebs cycle breaks down glucose even more It has a folded membrane called the cristae it is where electron transport occursIn both photo. and resp. electron transport occurs to slowly release energyThe krebs cycle occurs in matrixPlants use photosynthesis and respiration animals just use resp.Fermentation does not use oxygen lactic acid fermentation: happens in the making of beer and bread alcoholic fermentation:happens in us when we run out of oxygen due to hard runningfrom one glucose molecule 30 to 38 atp are produced from resp. Ethyl alcohol is produced in alcoholic fermentationchemosynthesis is used instead of photosynthesis in deep sea vents by unusual bacteria                                        Section 3: Cell divisionInterphase is when a cell grows and copies its dna to prepare for cell divisionin prophase the cell condenses chromatin to form chromosomesin metaphase the chromosomes line up across the center of the cellAnaphase is when the centromeres split telophase  nuclear envelope forms around the chromosomesCytokinesis is when the membrane pinches each cell ends up with identical DNA                                Chapter 3:genetics and heredity