Sexuality
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The words homosexual and heterosexual refer to mutual sexual attraction between persons of the same sex and the opposite sex respectively. These words were originally adjectives; now they are very often used also as nouns, a usage which the Core Group regrets, since it may imply that this is the most important fact about a persons identity. The word gay was chosen by homosexual persons to describe themselves in the 1960s, as a positive adjective in place of the earlier use of queer. Originally gay was applied to both men and women; more recently it has been applied to men, and the older term lesbian (based on descriptions in the poetry of Sappho from Lesbos in ancient Greece) is used exclusively for homosexual women. The term bisexual refers to someone who is sexually attracted to persons of both sexes.
Sexuality was originally defined narrowly as a general description of sexual behaviour (and this narrow sense is used in many Anglican documents, particularly the statement and resolutions of the 1998 Lambeth Conference). However, today it is usually used more broadly to describe the whole way of reacting to the world as a male or female. As such it reflects attitudes which are as much conditioned by society and culture as by biology, if not more so. This latter sense is the one in which it has been used in the discussions within the United Reformed Church since 1993.
A sexual relationship refers to intimate sexual contact between two people involving either penetrative sexual intercourse or mutual genital stimulation. From such a point of view the term active sexual relationship is tautologous, since sexual relationships have been defined as active; but this is also the sense in which the word practice is used with homosexual or heterosexual as an adjective. It should be noted that the words active and passive are also often used to denote respectively the partner who takes the initiative in intercourse and the one who responds.
A distinction is often made between sexual orientation and sexual practice. In this case orientation refers to inclinations and attitudes without the expression of these inclinations and attitudes in sexual activity. Sexual practice refers to sexual intimacy, as described above. Some have argued that this distinction is artificial: in the view of the Core Group and several other Churches to whom we have talked, this distinction is vital. This would be particularly so if we were considering the position of bisexual persons, since in our view, if a bisexual orientation were to lead to simultaneous homosexual and heterosexual relationships, this would necessarily involve being unfaithful to one or more partners. Abstinence refers to the deliberate refraining from particular acts or activities. Celibacy refers to a vocation to live a single life in which ones sexuality is fulfilled in other ways than by sexual activity or relationships.
Bibliography
Augustine “On the Good of Marriage”, in collections of Augustines works Classic treatment by an influential Christian theologian
Jack Babuscio “We speak for ourselves” SPCK Case histories showing how lesbians and gay men view themselves
Karl Barth “Church Dogmatics”, vol III/4, para. 54 T&T Clark 1961 Important discussion from a significant theologian of the 20th century
Mark Bonington and Bob Fyall “The Bible and Homosexuality” Grove Biblical Booklet no.1 Conservative treatment of biblical texts and perspectives, co-authored by a URC minister
T Bradshaw (Ed) “The Way Forward” H&S 1997 A range of Anglican writers respond to the evangelical St Andrews Day Statement
Alan Brash “Facing our Differences” WCC Risk 1995 Senior ecumenical figure reflects on pastoral experiences
Robert L Brawley “Biblical Ethics and Homosexuality” Westminster John Knox Press 1996 Study material used in Presbyterian Church (USA) discussions
Church of Scotland “The Future of the Family” St. Andrews Press 1992
Peter Coleman “Gay Christians: A Moral Dilemma” SCM 1989 Careful and even-handed treatment by an Anglican bishop
Andrew Comisky “Pursuing sexual wholeness” Monarch 1990 Thought-provoking strategy to achieve wholeness
R W Cromey “In Gods Image” Alamo Square Press 1991 American Episcopalian argues for gay and lesbian equality in the eyes of the church
Davies & Rentzel “Coming out of Homosexuality” H&S 1993 American case studies of people struggling with homosexuality
Susan Durber (ed) “As Man and Woman Made” URC 1994
Wide range of perspectives on marriage, many from URC members
Evangelical Alliance “Faith, Hope and Homosexuality” EA 1998
Concise up-to-date statement of main evangelical contribution
Greg Forster “Cohabitation and Marriage – A Pastoral Response” Marshall Pickering 1994
“Healing Loves Wounds – A Pastoral Approach to Divorce and Re-marriage” Marshall Pickering 1995
Combination of ethical and pastoral discussions from an evangelical Anglican