Horses In Ancient GreeceEssay Preview: Horses In Ancient GreeceReport this essayHorses in Ancient GreeceWhen thinking back to the ancient times, the thought of the great chariot races will inevitably enter a persons mind. Horses were not only used for this spectacular and dangerous event in early times, but they were used and worshipped as so much more. The Greeks saw horses as a symbol of speed, competition, and human mastery over nature. They were viewed as an animal worthy of much respect and necessary tool for the Greeks competitive personalities. Horses were an integral part of life in ancient Greece. They played an active role in warfare, transportation and in the games such as the Panathenaic Games in Athens. Athenian enthusiasm for the horse was expressed in the many civic buildings and temples that were covered with paintings and sculptures of riders and battle scenes showing cavalry such as on the Parthenon where the Parthenon Horse originates. Poseidon and Athena together served as protectors of horses and patrons of horsemanship and equestrian activities. Athena, Patron Goddess of Athens, was credited with the invention of the bridle and the use of chariots. The Aristocratic families that ruled Athens during the 6th century B.C. often took pride in their nobility by starting or ending their name with the word hippos, which is the Greek word for horse. The aristocracy bred and raced horses from very early times and it seems that chariot racing was the preferred form of competition and maybe even the foundation of the Olympic Games.
The earliest known direct ancestor of Equus or the horse, the eohippus, lived approximately 50 million years ago in both the Old and New Worlds. Equus originally evolved in North America about three million years ago, spreading to all continents except Australia. Horses disappeared from the Americas for unknown reasons about 10,000 years ago, and were reintroduced by Europeans, around 1500 AD. Many species of the horse arose in the Old World. Horses were probably first domesticated by central Asian nomads in the 3rd millennium B.C. and were first recorded in Greece around 1700 BC.
Horses, at first, were all wild animals like zebras are today. People hunted them for their meat and especially for their skins, to make into leather hides for clothes and for tents and tools. But around 3000 BC, people began to tame horses, to domesticate them, to eat them and to use them to carry things. It may have been the Indo-Europeans, still living around the Caspian Sea, who first tamed horses for their own use. It is believed that the first appearance of the horse in Greece was with the arrival of the Indo-Europeans around 2100 BC. The first appearance of horses at Troy is around 1900 BC. And the first arrival of the horse and chariot in Egypt comes with the invasion of the Hyksos, or Amorites, around 1700 BC, when the Amorites had been learning things from the Indo-European Hittites.
Having tame horses made a big difference to peoples lives. Horses were a tremendous military weapon. You could use chariots to get into battle and use them to squash your enemies, and you could ride them in order to get from one city to another much more quickly than the other army could. You could send quick messengers. And you could carry tents and food on their backs. In peacetime, horses could carry trade goods from one city to another, and they could pull wagons full of people or hay or wheat or pots from one place to another too. Horses were not much used for plowing in the ancient world, where oxen were generally used instead. Horses were too expensive, and they needed better quality food than oxen. Also, no good harness arrangement for horses was invented until about 200 BC, when one was invented in China. Also, until the medieval period, men generally did not really fight on horseback. They rode their horses to the battle and then dismounted to fight. In the Middle Ages this changed with the development of mounted knights. Some people have said that this was because the stirrup had not been invented until the Middle Ages, but this is probably not the main reason. More likely, the reason men did not fight on horseback under Greek and Roman rule is that horsemen are not actually that effective against trained, organized foot soldiers. Both the Greeks, after about 750 BC, and the Romans had trained foot soldiers, but in the medieval period armies did not have the resources to train foot soldiers, and so the cavalry, which is the horses and their riders, became more useful.
Chariots are often associated with Classical civilization. For several centuries, they were the primary means of employment for horses and a powerful addition to several ancient armies. The harnessed Greek horse is much more of a spectacular legacy than the ridden horse. The art of driving was mastered long before the art of riding. At the equestrian contests which were held with the athletic games from an early date, there was four-horse chariot racing. Simple horse racing was soon added and then chariot races with a team of mules or a single mare, both of which varieties were later abandoned, and then with a pair of full-grown stallions and later with younger horses. The horse breeders such as Phainippus, Hipponicus, and Hippocleides, became famous along with the athletes and often sent out their trained horses great distances for competition. Chariot racing was one of the most popular sports to watch and was considered the most dangerous and requiring the most skill and confidence. When the chariots would round the turning posts at the ends of the Hippodrome, often times the wheels would lock and the horses would collide causing the chariots to turn over. While the drivers of the chariots risked crippling injury and death, the owners of the chariots would reap the glory and benefit of a win. Only rich men or rulers could afford the luxury of keeping horses for public entertainment.
The presence of classical horsemanship, a style used by the popular Spanish Riding School of Vienna, owes its existence, in part, to Xenophon. Xenophon wrote a “how-to” book entitled On Horsemanship which advised the reader on how to buy a good horse, and how to raise it to be either a war horse or show horse. Xenophon is often cited as being the original “Horse Whisperer”, having been an advocate of sympathetic horsemanship, and the author of works on horsemanship. Xenophon the Athenian was born 431 B.C. He was a pupil of Socrates. On Horsemanship advises the reader on how to buy a good horse, and how to raise it to be either a war horse or show horse. Xenophon ends with some words on military equipment for a cavalryman. He also advised readers to details such as that it is important to observe whether the jaws are soft or hard on one or other side,
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When the Roman emperor Constantine built the Pantheon, to be used for his new religious state, his first task was to equip the city with soldiers of old, horse-doves, and to equip their men with iron and leather helmets. It was he who first set about the task. A simple scheme, however, led him to employ a large number of horsemen and horses to accompany the emperor towards the emperor’s place, but he soon discovered a far more efficient and effective way to make war horses.
By early 452, when the empire was already well organized and well to the westward, a few hundred of the famous “men of the city” (who were called “pig-men”), having been established on the plain that way, arrived at the city. These many-mounted troops, which would then be trained at the army shop in the town, began to be given orders to enter the temple, and on their way, and so on, up the broad avenue which runs under the altar, they would be directed to the east, over the top of which, they would wait until the horsemen came down and were on their way. Some of them were even to be carried on horseback with a horse-mounted rider riding.
At last Constantine assembled the army at this place, and all the surrounding ground was taken down to the square, before the emperor, who had gathered the entire army together, went forward and commanded all the troops to be marched in his directions, and after that to fight till the gates of the temple were opened to them. Constantine made the general commander of all the force who took this task to go to the square, and he called at the same time the general officer of all the troops to remain in his own station, and in so doing instructed the general of the army on everything to be done; he would then proceed to place a number of soldiers upon the imperial post to act as his commandant.
Then, having placed the chief officers in charge of the soldiers, Constantine set down those who were not on horseback to command and order their men to fight the way off the temple, and also upon a large force on horseback.
A small garrison of about six thousand men, the great part called “The Men of Byzantium,” were dispatched by Constantine to attack the Roman army to seize and control the city. These troops did not meet their orders. A few hours later, the troops came under fierce attack by Greek cavalry, who had been stationed beside the temple. Some of these troops were badly wounded, and so were killed. The Roman general ordered that the enemy was to make all haste to flee, but a few seconds after this had been said, the Greeks and Hellenic cavalry rushed forward, and in about two hours the whole Roman army, composed mainly of men of Greek origin, advanced to the city to meet them.
However, as the Romans began to make their movements, they came under attack from other forces too far along. Several days after this the Greeks, who were sent back to their own lands, came to Constantine’s aid to be sent to seize and take possession of this city. On seeing his army advancing, he ordered all men taken and sent down to camp, which was on the western side