Essay About Surface Zone And Transfer Energy

Oceanography
Marine Resources: Physical, Energetic(marine), Biological, Nonextractive. Physical=petrol, methane, sand/gravel. Energetic(marine)= wind, waves, current, tide. Biological=plants/animals. Non-extractive=transport of people/cargo/waste disposal.Renewable/Non-renewable=Naturally replaced/not naturally replaced-gas, oilAncient Greeks-earth was sphereTwo Elements in Core: Iron and NikleActive Continental Margin: converging plates, High EQ or volcanic activity, pacific type marginsPassive Continental Margin: Diverging plates, Little EQ or volcanic activity, atlantic type margins.[pic 1]Hydrogen Bonds: form when the positive end of one water molecule bonds to a negative end of another water molecule.  Hydrogen bonds give water its surface tension. PH levels: water= 7Pycnocline: The zone (between the surface zone and deep zone) and the ocean in which density increases rapidly with depth. T falls and S rises in this zone.Thermocline: the zone of the ocean in which T decreases rapidly with depth.  (Colder water denser than warmer water)Halocline: The zone of the ocean in which S increases rapidly with depth. (more saline water denser than fresher water)Density of water: is a form of its temperature and salinity. Monsoons: the ITCZ moves farther away from the equator during the Northern summer due to north heavy arrangements of continents. Gyres: Circuit of mid-latitude currents around the periphery of an ocean basin. Five Gyres: N and S Atlantic, N and S Pacific Gyres, and Indian Ocean Gyre. Antarctic Circumpolar Current: The ACC is the largest current and technically not a gyre.  It floats eastward around the Antarctica, powered by westerly winds and never deflected by a continent. [pic 2] [pic 3]The west side is: narrow, deep, warm strong currents.  East: shallow cold, weak currents. Upwelling: The upward motion of water. This motion brings cold, nutrient rich water towards the surface. Downwelling: is a downward motion of water. It supplies the deeper ocean with nutrients and dissolved gasses.Pynocline: can be a barrier for nutrients.Circulation: transport mass, affected by Coriolis, example: gyres.Waves: transfer energy, not affected by coriolis, example: stadium waves.Rogue Waves: Single massive wave that develops in the middle of the oceanWind Strength: Wind must be moving faster than the wave crests for energy to transferWind Duration: wind that blows for a short time will not generate large wavesFetch: Uninterrupted distance over which wind blows without significant change in directionTsumami: shallow water waves, free waves, triggered by seismic events, gravity is restoring forceTides: shallow water waves, forced waves, result from gravitational force between moon and sun, gravity is restoring force Spring tides: associated with full and new moonsSemidiurnal tide: two high tides and two low tidesNeap Tides: when sun, moon and earth align in a right angle. Diurnal Tides: occur once each lunar day; one high tide one low tideMixed tides: various patter; west coastAmphidromic Point: No tide point means “around running”Three Domains of Life: domain bacteria, archaea, eukarya (with nucleus)Modern System of Biological Classification [pic 4] Euphotic Zone: most of the biological productivity of the ocean occurs here.  Upper layer of the photic zone, net photosynthesis gain occurs.Disphotic zone: below euphotic,  it is the lower part of the photic zone, where there is insufficient light for photosynthesisAphotic zone: below disphotic zone, the vast bulk of ocean where sunlight never reachesPelagic Zone: subdivided into two zones: neritic zone, oceanic zoneNeritic zone: near shore, over continental shelfOceanic zone: beyond continental shelf- further divided into depth and lightPlankton- drift of swim weakly, go where the currents take them, move verticallyNekton: swim activelyAuthotrophs: obtain energy from photosynthesis, organisms that make their own food, also called producers.  Herterotrphs: obtain energy from feeding on phytoplankton or small zoo plankton, organisms that must consume other organisms for energyTropic pyramid: a model that describes who eats whomPrimary consumers: these organisms eat producersSecondary consumers: these organisms eat primary consumersPelagic zone: open waterNeritic zone: near shore over continental shelfLittoral zone: intertidalSublittoral zone: beyond littoral zoneBathyl zone: slopes great depthsAbyssal Zone: below bathyl zoneHadal zone: deepest.Cetacean: porpoises, dolphins, whales,Carnivore: seals, sea lions, walruses, sea ottersSirenia: manatees, dugonSeabirds: efficient flyersAutotrophs: are organisms that can make their own food by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis process. Include: Shrimp, crab, lobsterDomains: bacteria, Achaea,  Eukarya,Food web: a group of organisms associated by a complex web of feeding relationshipsBacteriophiles: bacteria and archaea that live under extreme conditionsTop consumer: tuna2 sub-zones of the pelagic zone: Neritic and oceanicCold seawater: a greater quantity of dissolved gasses  can be held in cold waterNitrogen: nutrient that is more important for primary productivityDiatom: is the most dominant and most productive organism of the photosynthetic plankton. They are very efficient energy converters and store their energy in fatty acidsDinoflagellates: are responsible for harmful algal blooms, known as red tidesCocolithophores: are large, multicellular, heterotrophsHoloplankton: spent their whole life as planktonCarbon-hydrogen bonds of carbohydrates: In photosynthesis, the energy of sunlight rests in thisLight: the limiting factor of productivityFilter Feeders: meaning that they have specialized structures they use to extract plankton out of the surrounding water.  Pistol Shrimp: 60MPHGills: are respiratory organs that extract dissolved oxygen from water and later excretes carbon dioxide.  Ectotherms: create their own heat from metabolic processesEndotherms: use external heat to regulate body temperatures. the genus and species name: scientific name of an organism Seabird:Lay eggs on land, Have special salt-excluding glands,   Have hollow bones and a long wingspanKrill: important animal on the food web in antarticaWhale shark: eats plankton near the surfacePinniped: seals, sea lions and walrusesOrder: cetacean, pinnipedia, sireniaSchooling: the tendency of small fish of single species, size, and age to mass in groupsDessiccation: A physical challenge that high-intertidal organisms must adapt toAhermatypic corals: are found in deep seaAlgae: classified by photosynthetic pigmentMulticellular algae: seaweedsZooxanthellae: symbiotic dinoflagellates that live within coral tissueCoral reef: A linear mass of calcium carbonate assembled from coral organisms, algae, molluscs, worms, and so onEstuary: A body of water partially surrounded by land where freshwater from a river mixes with ocean water, creating an area remarkable biological productivitySargassum: Spherical air bladders that keep small, leaf-like blades afloat near surface, Can float in huge patches offshore, Can provide shelter and food for many organismsAccessory pigment: assist with the absorption of light and transfer its energy to chlorophyll  Chloropytes are greenPaeophytes are brown (sargassum weed, rock weed, kelp forest)Benthic communities: coral reef, kelp forest, hydrothermal ventMangroves: vascular plant that is successful in low, muddy coasts and subtropical areasRhodophytes: are greenSessile: attached to the bottomHermatypic corals=reef building coralsFringing reef: a reef that is one that clings to margin of the landBarrier reef: separated by a lagoonAtolls:  ring shaped islands of coral reeds enclosing lagoons