Racial Targeting and ProfilingEssay title: Racial Targeting and ProfilingCory LewisEnglish 50Racial Targeting and ProfilingThe practice of targeting individuals for police investigation based on their race alone in the last few years has been an increasingly prominent issue in American society. Numerous magazines, newspapers, and journals have explored the issue of race-motivated police actions. Recently, the ABA Journal did a study of New Jersey and Pennsylvania traffic stops from 1998 to 2001, concluding that black drivers were more likely to be pulled over and arrested than whites. The study also delves into the legal ramifications of the 1996 United States Supreme Court ruling in the Whren v. United States case, which held that police officers subjective motivation for stopping a motorist on the highway was irrelevant as long as a probable cause was present – such as a traffic violation existed for making the stop. The Whren court decision validated the pretext stop, which occurs when police officers ostensibly stop motorists for traffic violations but are in fact motivated by the desire to obtain evidence of other crimes. Police officers, however, argue that racial profiling is common sense and is sensible, statistically based tool that enables them to focus their energies efficiently for providing protection against crime to law a-biding citizen.
In Taylor and Whitney, a study investigating the existence of an empirical basis for racial profiling and crime, they concluded that society must acknowledge the statistics behind crime rates in order to understand the concept of racial profiling; such information is available in annual crime reports. Statistics are facts and numbers which cannot be disputed and provide the experiential basis for racial profiling. The FBI Bulletin also addressed the necessity to consider statistics in addressing the issue of racial profiling. However, unlike Taylor and Whitney who argue for the use of statistics to support racial profiling, the FBI Bulletin promotes the usage of statistics in order to reduce and hopefully eliminate racial profiling.
Snyder, R., Blanchard, M.J., and Fitch, D.I. (2006). The Racialization of Crime: The Origins; Revision, p. 614. Retrieved June 3, 2008, from www.nytimes.com.
Bowers, D., & Tipton, E. (2000). The Politics of Race in Social Science Studies. Cambridge UP, MIT Press, p. 749.
Daniels, C.J., & R.H. Johnson. “Criminal and Physical Crime.” Journal of Criminal Justice, 9, 131-140.
Nelson, L.C., M.V. Burt, and H.M. Scholz. “Black Women and Their Violent Crime.” Chicago and Los Angeles (1993).
Yavoskiewicz, G., & N.N. M. Fagan. “Tolerance, Race, and the Prevalence of Criminal Homicide in Youth.” Journal of Black Youth, 13, 1-17.
Yavoskiewicz, G., & N.N. M. Fagan. “Tolerance, Race, and the Prevalence of Criminal Homicide in Youth.” Journal of Juvenile and Adolescent Mental Health Affairs, 16, 823-839.
Zabriskie, E. W., & Tipton, E. “Understanding the Violence Myth.” Criminal Justice Quarterly, 21(9), 1083-1094.
Taylor, E. (1997). The Violence Myth: Racial Incidents and Policies. Cambridge UP, MIT Press, pp. 816-822.
Yavoskiewicz, G., & N.N. M. Fagan. “Tolerance, Race, and the Prevalence of Criminal Homicide in Youth.” Journal of African American and African-American Intellectuals 12(3), 201-212.
Zakkowsky, A., & Whelan, R. L. “Race, Police and Community Preventive Services.” Journal of Criminal Justice, 16, 2.
Buckley, T.S., & I.B. Sacks (“The Intersection Between Crime and the System: Examining National Crime Statistics.”) The Journal of Drug Addiction (1997).
Gibson, N.D., Vannetti, H., & J.D. Smith. “Policies for Reduction of Youth Violent Crime: An Assessment of Evidence Relative to Current Policy Developments [Publication].” American Journal of Public Health, 29(3), 463-478.
Mason-Snyder, L.C., Bowers, D.I., & Tipton, E. (2008). The Politics of Race in Social Science Studies: Issues and Options. Cambridge UP, MIT Press, p. 751.
Smith, D.I., O’Brien, A., & Bowers, D.I. (2010).