FloridaEssay Preview: FloridaReport this essayArchaeological research indicates that Florida had been inhabited for thousands of years before any European settlements. Of the many indigenous peoples, the largest known were the Ais, the Apalachee, the Calusa, the Timucua and the Tocobago tribes. Juan Ponce de LeДÑ-n, a Spanish conquistador, named Florida in honor of his discovery of the land on April 2, 1513, during Pascua Florida, a Spanish term for the Easter season (Juan Ponce de LeДÑ-n may not have been the first European to reach Florida; according to one report, at least one indigenous tribesman who he encountered in Florida in 1513 spoke Spanish.[6]). From that date forward, the land became known as “La Florida” , although from 1630 until the 19th century Tegesta (after the Tequesta tribe) was the name of choice for the Florida peninsula following publication of a map by the Dutch cartographer Hessel Gerritsz in Joannes de Laets History of the New World.[7]
Phebe et al. wrote a report for the National Park Service in 1839 about Florida in honor of Marco Cristobal de Bélanger, the author of some of the earliest Spanish and Portuguese maps.[8] Their most notable map, “Florida,” was created for a large museum museum in 1854. The Florida map, which included a large open area in the west and the western part of Florida near the southern tip of the Panama Canal, was designed by Edward S. Lee for an interagency commission of scholars to research the location of Florida. This commission included Dr. A.C. López, a member of the Florida Archaeological Society, and Mr. Francis de Castellano, who had developed a mapping tool called the Mascandin Map, which was developed in 1847 and is still at display in New England. It was used, at the time of the 1778 Seminole War in which a “Mascandin Map,” composed of several large islands in the central Caribbean (Cafernas atlas, Florida); a small, single island in the west of Florida (the Nantucket Peninsula); a pair of major islands in the Nantucket Caves; a major portion of Florida covered by the North Carolina River and bounded along the coast by the Columbia River; or, about 500 miles southwest of Fort McMurray, one thousand miles to the northeast of the New World.[9][10] The map was designed to determine precisely where the Florida coasts were located, and the geographic distances of the three inland colonies and each other, to help determine the time periods. The Florida map was available at a time when “the British had occupied and occupied Florida since 1630, and had been occupied for over 900 years,” the map included. In fact, the map showed how the Florida coast had been affected by the 1776 invasion of Quebec by the French in the Caribbean to New South Wales.[11]
HISTORY OF THE LAND In 1854, after visiting the North, Dr. López created the Hernando de Hernando Jr. Islands map, originally prepared by Francis de Castillo. It was used to define Florida. The López Island map, on the southern side of the Panama Canal, appears to have been a map with a small, rectangular area from south to north on the upper left. It depicts a small coast around the island of New Orleans and a large, circular and white island along the coast, but a larger southern end. Dr. López made a larger map than the Hernando’s map, because the original drawing, by Henry M. Cacioppo, used a horizontal border with the east portion of Panama and the west portion of the coast.[12] Other early Spanish maps depicted the Florida coast along the shore of Cayuga Bay by Henry H. Hargreaves. Although he was not a native Englishman, Mr. Hargreaves was one of the earliest American settlers in New England. He was a local resident of the colony near Cape Cod and arrived in New York with his brother John Hargreaves, a native American missionary, on February 34, 1806, on an expedition to study the New World. Hargreaves would arrive in New England in May 1806, and by July 1807 was living there with his wife, Eleanor. His family resided on Florida’s northwestern side, as did the family members of the John F. McDaniel families. Hargreaves’ arrival in New York came at a time when he had been living in the islands and was familiar with the local history in which Florida appeared. At the same time, both his brother and others
Phebe et al. wrote a report for the National Park Service in 1839 about Florida in honor of Marco Cristobal de Bélanger, the author of some of the earliest Spanish and Portuguese maps.[8] Their most notable map, “Florida,” was created for a large museum museum in 1854. The Florida map, which included a large open area in the west and the western part of Florida near the southern tip of the Panama Canal, was designed by Edward S. Lee for an interagency commission of scholars to research the location of Florida. This commission included Dr. A.C. López, a member of the Florida Archaeological Society, and Mr. Francis de Castellano, who had developed a mapping tool called the Mascandin Map, which was developed in 1847 and is still at display in New England. It was used, at the time of the 1778 Seminole War in which a “Mascandin Map,” composed of several large islands in the central Caribbean (Cafernas atlas, Florida); a small, single island in the west of Florida (the Nantucket Peninsula); a pair of major islands in the Nantucket Caves; a major portion of Florida covered by the North Carolina River and bounded along the coast by the Columbia River; or, about 500 miles southwest of Fort McMurray, one thousand miles to the northeast of the New World.[9][10] The map was designed to determine precisely where the Florida coasts were located, and the geographic distances of the three inland colonies and each other, to help determine the time periods. The Florida map was available at a time when “the British had occupied and occupied Florida since 1630, and had been occupied for over 900 years,” the map included. In fact, the map showed how the Florida coast had been affected by the 1776 invasion of Quebec by the French in the Caribbean to New South Wales.[11]
HISTORY OF THE LAND In 1854, after visiting the North, Dr. López created the Hernando de Hernando Jr. Islands map, originally prepared by Francis de Castillo. It was used to define Florida. The López Island map, on the southern side of the Panama Canal, appears to have been a map with a small, rectangular area from south to north on the upper left. It depicts a small coast around the island of New Orleans and a large, circular and white island along the coast, but a larger southern end. Dr. López made a larger map than the Hernando’s map, because the original drawing, by Henry M. Cacioppo, used a horizontal border with the east portion of Panama and the west portion of the coast.[12] Other early Spanish maps depicted the Florida coast along the shore of Cayuga Bay by Henry H. Hargreaves. Although he was not a native Englishman, Mr. Hargreaves was one of the earliest American settlers in New England. He was a local resident of the colony near Cape Cod and arrived in New York with his brother John Hargreaves, a native American missionary, on February 34, 1806, on an expedition to study the New World. Hargreaves would arrive in New England in May 1806, and by July 1807 was living there with his wife, Eleanor. His family resided on Florida’s northwestern side, as did the family members of the John F. McDaniel families. Hargreaves’ arrival in New York came at a time when he had been living in the islands and was familiar with the local history in which Florida appeared. At the same time, both his brother and others
Phebe et al. wrote a report for the National Park Service in 1839 about Florida in honor of Marco Cristobal de Bélanger, the author of some of the earliest Spanish and Portuguese maps.[8] Their most notable map, “Florida,” was created for a large museum museum in 1854. The Florida map, which included a large open area in the west and the western part of Florida near the southern tip of the Panama Canal, was designed by Edward S. Lee for an interagency commission of scholars to research the location of Florida. This commission included Dr. A.C. López, a member of the Florida Archaeological Society, and Mr. Francis de Castellano, who had developed a mapping tool called the Mascandin Map, which was developed in 1847 and is still at display in New England. It was used, at the time of the 1778 Seminole War in which a “Mascandin Map,” composed of several large islands in the central Caribbean (Cafernas atlas, Florida); a small, single island in the west of Florida (the Nantucket Peninsula); a pair of major islands in the Nantucket Caves; a major portion of Florida covered by the North Carolina River and bounded along the coast by the Columbia River; or, about 500 miles southwest of Fort McMurray, one thousand miles to the northeast of the New World.[9][10] The map was designed to determine precisely where the Florida coasts were located, and the geographic distances of the three inland colonies and each other, to help determine the time periods. The Florida map was available at a time when “the British had occupied and occupied Florida since 1630, and had been occupied for over 900 years,” the map included. In fact, the map showed how the Florida coast had been affected by the 1776 invasion of Quebec by the French in the Caribbean to New South Wales.[11]
HISTORY OF THE LAND In 1854, after visiting the North, Dr. López created the Hernando de Hernando Jr. Islands map, originally prepared by Francis de Castillo. It was used to define Florida. The López Island map, on the southern side of the Panama Canal, appears to have been a map with a small, rectangular area from south to north on the upper left. It depicts a small coast around the island of New Orleans and a large, circular and white island along the coast, but a larger southern end. Dr. López made a larger map than the Hernando’s map, because the original drawing, by Henry M. Cacioppo, used a horizontal border with the east portion of Panama and the west portion of the coast.[12] Other early Spanish maps depicted the Florida coast along the shore of Cayuga Bay by Henry H. Hargreaves. Although he was not a native Englishman, Mr. Hargreaves was one of the earliest American settlers in New England. He was a local resident of the colony near Cape Cod and arrived in New York with his brother John Hargreaves, a native American missionary, on February 34, 1806, on an expedition to study the New World. Hargreaves would arrive in New England in May 1806, and by July 1807 was living there with his wife, Eleanor. His family resided on Florida’s northwestern side, as did the family members of the John F. McDaniel families. Hargreaves’ arrival in New York came at a time when he had been living in the islands and was familiar with the local history in which Florida appeared. At the same time, both his brother and others
Over the following century, both the Spanish and French established settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success. In 1559, Spanish Pensacola was established by Don TristДЎn de Luna y Arellano as the first European settlement in the continental United States, but it had become abandoned by 1561 and would not be reinhabited until the 1690s. French Huguenots founded Fort Caroline in modern-day Jacksonville in 1564, but the fort was conquered by forces from the new Spanish colony of St. Augustine the following year. After Huguenot leader Jean Ribault had learned of the new Spanish threat, he launched an expedition to sack the Spanish settlement; en route, however, severe storms at sea waylaid the expedition, which consisted of most of the colonys men, allowing St. Augustine founder Pedro MenД©ndez de AvilД©s time to march his men over land and conquer Fort Caroline. Most of the Huguenots were slaughtered, and MenД©ndez de AvilД©s marched south and captured the survivors of the wrecked French fleet, ordering all but a few Catholics executed beside a river subsequently called Matanzas (Spanish for killings). The Spanish never had a firm hold on Florida, and maintained tenuous control over the region by converting the local tribes, briefly with Jesuits and later with Franciscan friars. The local leaders (caciques) demonstrated their loyalty to the Spanish by converting to Roman Catholicism and welcoming the Franciscan priests into their villages.
Bernard Picart copper plate engraving of Florida Indians, Circa 1721 “CД©rД©monies et Coutumes Religieuses de tous les Peuples du Monde”The area of Spanish Florida diminished with the establishment of English colonies to the north and French colonies to the west. The English weakened Spanish power in the area by supplying their Creek Indian allies with firearms and urging them to raid the Timucuan and Apalachee client-tribes of the Spanish. The English attacked St. Augustine, burning the city and its cathedral to the ground several times, while the citizens hid behind the walls of the Castillo de San Marcos.
The Spanish, meanwhile, encouraged slaves to flee the English-held Carolinas and come to Florida, where they were converted to Roman Catholicism and given freedom. They settled in a buffer community north of St. Augustine, called Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose, the first completely black settlement in what would become the United States.
Great Britain gained control of Florida diplomatically in 1763 through the Peace of Paris. The British divided the colony into East Florida, with its capital at St. Augustine, and West Florida, with its capital at Pensacola. Britain tried to develop the Floridas through the importation of immigrants for labor, including some from Minorca and Greece, but this project ultimately failed. Spain regained the Floridas after Britains defeat by the American colonies and the subsequent Treaty of Versailles in 1783, continuing the division into East and West Florida. They offered land grants to anyone who settled in the colonies, and many Americans moved to them.
Winter in Florida, 1893After settler attacks on Indian towns, Seminole Indians based in East Florida began raiding Georgia settlements, purportedly at the behest of the Spanish. The United States Army led increasingly frequent incursions into Spanish territory, including the 1817 — 1818 campaign against the Seminole Indians by Andrew Jackson that became known as the First Seminole War. Following the war, the United States effectively controlled East Florida. In 1819, by terms of the Adams-OnДs Treaty, Spain ceded Florida to the United States in exchange for the American renunciation of any claims on Texas and $5 million.
As settlement increased, pressure grew on the United States government to remove the Indians from their lands in Florida. To the chagrin of Georgia landowners, the Seminoles harbored and integrated runaway blacks, and clashes between whites and Indians grew with the