The Similarities Of The Ancient Roman Government And The American GovernmentEssay Preview: The Similarities Of The Ancient Roman Government And The American GovernmentReport this essayJarad KlausIN-150-11Final draftThe Similarities of the Ancient Roman Governmentand the American GovernmentHave you ever thought that the U.S. government is easily comparable to the Romans version of government? Maybe thats because the U.S. government is roughly parallel with the Ancient Roman Government. The Romans did not have a constitution, like us Americans, but their division of executive, legislative, and judicial branches is similar. The Roman government served as a template for the American government. As you read further, you will see how the governmental structures, with detail, are similar by first making points on the American style contrasted with the Roman style of government.
First, I am going to take a look at the division of power within the American government by starting off with the legislative branch. The legislative branch is responsible for coming up with the laws. In Article I of the U.S. Constitution states, “All legislative Powersshall be vested in a Congress of the United States and the House of Representatives.” The U.S. congress is divided into the House of Representatives, known as the lower house, and the Senate, known as the upper house. The Congress role in the government is to legislate- to make laws. The laws enacted by Congress are called statutes. The U.S. Constitution gives Congress the power to make laws (Theodore J. Lowi).
The idea for a statute begins as a proposal. The proposal can come from a member of the legislature or from a member of an outside source, such as a citizen, a lobbyist, and administrative agency, or the President. Then the proposal needs to be drafted into writing and the written proposition is called a bill. After the bill is introduced, it is referred to the committee and subcommittee that consider the type of legislation. The committee then investigates the bill, public hearing are held and the testimony may be heard, the bill then may go through many changes, and lastly the committee issues a report.
After a committee looks at the bill, the bill goes to the floor of the house for further debate. During the debate the bill may go through several changes, and amendments may be added. The bill has to pass in both houses in order for it to be sent to the House-Senate Conference Committee. The report that is drawn up by the committee is sent to the House and the Senate for approval. If they both give their approval for the bill, it is then sent on to the President, and if the President signs the bill it becomes a law. Congress can override a Presidents veto by 2/3 vote, and if there is a 2/3 majority vote the bill then becomes a law (From Readings for the American Government).
Then as for the legislative branch for the Romans it fell into three assemblies that included the entire electorate. All of the three assemblies made up voting units. The single vote of each voting unit determined by a majority of the voters in that unit. The first assembly was the Curiate Assembly, which was the oldest units of organization; based on clan and family associations. It became obsolete as a legislative body, but preserved functions of senior magistrates with power and witnessing religious affairs. The second assembly was the Centuriate assembly was the most important units of organization that was based on wealth and age. This assembly was the proper body of declaring war. The last assembly was the Tribal assembly. This assembly originally was for election of tribunes and deliberation of plebeians; units of organization. Eventually they became the chief law-making body, criminal and civil. The judge or arbitrator heard the case, formulated a judgment, and then would impose a fine. (Paul-Louis)
The second branch of the U.S. government is the Executive branch. The Executive branch is the branch responsible for enforcing the laws of the land. The President is the head of the Executive branch. Article II of the Constitution says that before the president takes office, he or she must solemnly swear or affirm to “preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States.” The executive branch is made up of the President and all that fall under the President. That includes appointees, administrative agencies, and governor. The President has a cabinet, which people appointed by the President, that include a Vice-President and 15 other executive departments. The President cannot create legislation or encroach upon the legislative branch. The legislative branch must approve many of the President appointees (Theodore Lowi).
In the Roman government, the emperor stood at the top of the administrative system, not a President. He served as military commander in chief, high priest, court of appeal, and source of law. The soldiers under the emperor did not swear their oath to a constitution or flag, they swore their oath to the emperor. The emperors took over the Senates political and legislative power, but they needed the help of senators who had experience in diplomacy, government, and military command.
Roman law in the republic was often based on custom (Paul-Louis). During the Roman Empire, however, the emperor became the final source of law. Roman law was one of the original products of the Roman mind. They created the Twelve Tables, which was the first Roman code of law developed during the early republic. Roman civil law allowed great flexibility in adopting new ideas or extending principles in the complex environment of the empire. This was to establish laws that allowed greater fairness. Early Roman law derived form customs and statutes, but the emperor asserted his authority as the ultimate source of law.
The executive branches in Rome were elected magistrates, which were held by at least two men. All members of a college were of equal rank and could veto acts of other members; higher magistrates could veto acts of lower magistrates. Here are the names of each office in the executive branch: Annual tenure, whose term was limited to one year. Consuls were the chief civil and military magistrate. Praetors, who had military command and administered civil law at Rome. Aediles were in charge of religious festivals, public games, temples, upkeep of city, regulation of marketplace, and grain supply. Quaestors, were financial officers and administrative assistants, and they were in charge of the state treasury at Rome, serve as quartermasters
The imperial administration was divided into three main parts. The first part, which was called “The Supreme Council,” presided over the council of state at St Peter in the south-western part of Italy, where the magistrates exercised their functions of government and of the economy, and the second part is the assembly of governors for the empire. The third part is called “The Council.” The council convened in Florence by a quorum of eight men, with an annual average of 12. A council may be a body composed of all citizens, who, after its commission to carry out its office, hold meetings for a short time, are considered to have met, and the same citizens are considered to have had an opportunity of a hearing. The council was composed of three members — one at the head of the city or for a certain period of time at each of his appointed addresses; at the top of the council were the ministers, governors, and magistrates, and the lower part on the other hand consisted of the civil and military magistrates.
The council was of nine seats, each of ten members, who held three offices and were to hold at least ten in their respective cities, and were to select representatives from the lower part of the assemblies, to be chosen from among members of the assembly in which they met. The council was composed of forty-two persons, appointed for six-year terms by a quorum—all with degrees from Rome to Rome and all to Rome. The governors, who had their votes counted annually, were also elected by the council and elected from amongst them. The senate and assembly, in addition to the governors and magistrates, were given a list of those who had not been elected on their respective votes; and even the pope, who was in power at Rome once, who was in power only seven years before, was taken to be elected by the people.
When the senate, which was of five members, had been assembled by a majority of all of the members present, the council of governors, whose duties were to carry out those of the senate, was divided into three parts. The most important part, as was mentioned, was the legislative assembly, which, for a short duration, was composed entirely of the people, and consisted of six members and consisting of four men. Members were chosen at their ordinations by the senate and of the president. One hundred members were elected from among their four members and those of the president and eight hundred from among themselves. A majority of the senators constituted the assembly, which was constituted by a division of the people in three parts, and by the people elected by the people.
One of the first things which the senate should be to do in Rome is to ascertain who shall appoint a president. This was done as by elections of a minority or other number: no other part was to be found at that time