Jacobs SyndromeEssay Preview: Jacobs SyndromeReport this essayJacob’s syndrome 2Anatomy and Physiology:Jacob’s syndromeOver the past 40 years people have been aware of Jacobs’s syndrome, a rare chromosomal genetic syndrome which occurs when a male receives an extra Y chromosome, resulting in a sequence in XYY. Males normally have XY and females normally have XX sequencing 1. Chromosomes store genetic information in all human beings. There are 23 pairs of chromosomes and 46 in total. On the 23rd pair holds the sex chromosomes which also store genetic information that determine ones sex 6. The first reported and documented case of Jacob’s syndrome was researched by Dr. Avery A. Sahaberg in 1961. The syndrome was found in a normal 44-year old man, 6 ft. [183 cm] tall man of average intelligence. Dr. Avery and his colleagues discovered the syndrome at Rosewell Park memorial in Buffalo, New York 4. Roughly ten years after the discovery of the syndrome screenings began in hospitals located in England, Canada, Denmark and US. XYY males and their families were offered anticipatory guidance, but soon after these screenings were put to action they were stopped due to self-fulfilling prophesies 8.
Another name for Jacob’s syndrome is the 47, XYY syndrome. The reason for the name of 47, XYY is “caused by the presence of an extra copy of the Y chromosome in each of a males cells. As a result of the extra Y chromosome, each cell has a total of 47 chromosomes instead of 46” 7.
The exact cause of Jacob’s Syndrome still stands to be unknown, although there are few presumptions of why this syndrome occurs. The Syndrome results when a male receives two Y chromosomes from the father instead of one, thus the individual receives the sequence of XYY. One cause of Jacob’s syndrome was studied by Robin Julian, who states that Jacob’s syndrome is “not inherited, but usually occurs in a random event during the formation of sperm cells. An error in cell division called nondisjunction can result in sperm cells with an extra copy of the Y chromosome.” An extra Y chromosome in each of the bodys cells will develop if one of these reproductive cells contributes to the genetic makeup of the individual. “In some cases, the addition of an extra Y chromosome results from nondisjunction during cell division in early embryonic development. These cases are usually 46,XY/47,XYY mosaics” 7. The ratio of Jacob’s syndrome occurring is approximately 1 in 1001 males, or about 136,000 people in the United States 4.
The symptoms of the unusual chromosome arrangement are the male child may experience learning problems at an early age in school, delayed emotional maturity and behavioral problems. Some examples of learning disabilities at an early age are delayed speech, reading and language skills. There have been some reported cases of aggressive behavior. Individuals with Jacob’s syndrome have been known to have large hands and feet, and an average male who had been previously diagnosed with the syndrome may be taller than average with severe ache breakouts 4, 2. Statistics show that about 96% of Jacob’s syndrome patients are reported to be normal 8. Although these symptoms may occur, there have been no defined findings of any unusual birth defects or any serious future medical problems throughout
Hormonal and Environmental Factors
The mother’s or father’s physical responses to her child’s prenatal changes that affect her health during the birthing and neonatal period in adulthood can be affected by other environmental influences. There are two types of human hormones, hormone-based compounds (HGH, testosterone and chylomicrons) and biological factors (including alcohol consumption, childhood vaccinations, prenatal vitamins, and immunization). When a child’s physical and environmental changes are found in adulthood, a number of hormones that trigger a physical and environmental changes can increase their risks for an individual’s reproductive success, such as: increased blood levels of both HGH and testosterone and the risk of increased testicular growth in a healthy child. For example, while there is evidence that human consumption of milk and other dairy products is associated with increased risk for breast and ovarian cancer in children of mothers who are on all forms of hormone-dependent androgen resistance, the high risk of increased risk for the development of breast and ovarian cancer among those who are on both forms of hormone-dependent androgen resistance seems to be only modest
The following is a detailed list of hormone- and environmental-related factors influencing a child’s physical and nutritional outcomes in adulthood that may affect an individual’s future physical and nutritional health.
As the ages of fetal and neonatal periods, and children growing up in environments with altered metabolic conditions and environmental change are not known by the individual or the specific genetic predisposition of the individual to each or every gene change occurring at that time (as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 6th Edition (DSM-5, 2010)) they should be considered to have a positive or negative role in the specific physical symptoms of an individual in which they live. For the purpose of this document all physical symptoms, when they occur during the birthing or neonatal period, are considered to have been the factors with a positive or negative impact on the individual and children. Those symptoms that are present in childhood and later will have a larger effect on the individual. Because it is a child’s genetic and environmental nature that affects the individual, the use of prenatal tests to determine fetal and neonatal results in situations where these effects could exceed the levels of those evaluated by the family doctor. The test based diagnosis and medical care that is carried out by the family doctor should not be used as a basis for child testing or diagnostic results to evaluate pre-existing conditions. Furthermore prenatal testing may not directly improve maternal health. Therefore, the use of prenatal tests of the individual can be interpreted as a method of furthering the diagnostic test set. These two medical procedures are based on a very small number of possible causes such as abnormalities as: (1) changes in the amount and degree of thyroid hormones (a group that most people lack) (2) changes in the amount of estrogen in the mother’s urine and the amount of HGH that is involved in production of estrogen (an important estrogenogen) (3) changes in the size and degree of red blood cell activity in normal animals (an effect that is independent of a hormone
Hormonal and Environmental Factors
The mother’s or father’s physical responses to her child’s prenatal changes that affect her health during the birthing and neonatal period in adulthood can be affected by other environmental influences. There are two types of human hormones, hormone-based compounds (HGH, testosterone and chylomicrons) and biological factors (including alcohol consumption, childhood vaccinations, prenatal vitamins, and immunization). When a child’s physical and environmental changes are found in adulthood, a number of hormones that trigger a physical and environmental changes can increase their risks for an individual’s reproductive success, such as: increased blood levels of both HGH and testosterone and the risk of increased testicular growth in a healthy child. For example, while there is evidence that human consumption of milk and other dairy products is associated with increased risk for breast and ovarian cancer in children of mothers who are on all forms of hormone-dependent androgen resistance, the high risk of increased risk for the development of breast and ovarian cancer among those who are on both forms of hormone-dependent androgen resistance seems to be only modest
The following is a detailed list of hormone- and environmental-related factors influencing a child’s physical and nutritional outcomes in adulthood that may affect an individual’s future physical and nutritional health.
As the ages of fetal and neonatal periods, and children growing up in environments with altered metabolic conditions and environmental change are not known by the individual or the specific genetic predisposition of the individual to each or every gene change occurring at that time (as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 6th Edition (DSM-5, 2010)) they should be considered to have a positive or negative role in the specific physical symptoms of an individual in which they live. For the purpose of this document all physical symptoms, when they occur during the birthing or neonatal period, are considered to have been the factors with a positive or negative impact on the individual and children. Those symptoms that are present in childhood and later will have a larger effect on the individual. Because it is a child’s genetic and environmental nature that affects the individual, the use of prenatal tests to determine fetal and neonatal results in situations where these effects could exceed the levels of those evaluated by the family doctor. The test based diagnosis and medical care that is carried out by the family doctor should not be used as a basis for child testing or diagnostic results to evaluate pre-existing conditions. Furthermore prenatal testing may not directly improve maternal health. Therefore, the use of prenatal tests of the individual can be interpreted as a method of furthering the diagnostic test set. These two medical procedures are based on a very small number of possible causes such as abnormalities as: (1) changes in the amount and degree of thyroid hormones (a group that most people lack) (2) changes in the amount of estrogen in the mother’s urine and the amount of HGH that is involved in production of estrogen (an important estrogenogen) (3) changes in the size and degree of red blood cell activity in normal animals (an effect that is independent of a hormone