Nonparental Child CareEssay Preview: Nonparental Child CareReport this essayNon-Parental Child CareIn todays society we are seeing more and more non-parental child care taking place. There are many different types of child care options available to parents. We will discuss three different types of non-parental child care and their impact on a childs psychological, social and cognitive development.
The three types of non-parental child care are child-care centers, family day-care homes, and in-home care. Each one has its own effects on a childs psychological, social and cognitive development.
First, we will look at child-care centers in detail. “The National Association for the Education of Young Children developed an accreditation system for child-care centers involving self-evaluations by staff and parents” (Berns, 2010). The accreditation standard criteria which is based on research and professional consensus, includes staff qualifications and training, administration and staffing patterns, physical environment, health and safety, and nutrition and food service. Child-care centers are typically the ones who hold the largest adult per child ration.
Second, we will look at family day-care homes in detail. Beginning in 1988, “the National Association for Family Day Care began a program for voluntary accreditation of family child-care homes” (Berns, 2010). This accreditation includes a self-evaluation as well as external validation of aspects of program operations which includes health and safety, nutrition, indoor and outdoor play environments, interactions, and professional responsibility. Another requirement of this accreditation is cardiopulmonary resuscitation training. This type of child-care also takes place outside of the childs home environment.
Last, we will look at in-home care in detail. These caregivers come to the childs home in order to take care of them. This type of child-care offers the smallest adult to child ratio as it normally only consists of the number of children in the household. A prime example of a nanny would be the infamous Mary Poppins. Nannies as they are called can either be live-in or live-out depending on the type of child-care hours required.
Now we will look at the psychological effects of non-parental child care. There have been many different studies that have taken place in order to find out the relationship between the mother and child and the childs psychological development. The most recent study by “Jay Belsky in 1988, showed that babies less than one year old who receive non-parental care for more than twenty hours a week are at a greater risk of developing insecure attachments to their mothers. These children are also shown to have an increased risk of emotional and behavioral problems in later childhood” (Berns, 2010). Non-parental child care has been to blame for insecure children later in life along with insecure attachments to their
(Belsky, 2008). In a review of the data regarding the relationship between physical abuse and developmental outcomes published in 1999 by the National Center for the Study of Child Abuse and Neglect and the Wellbeing (NASCI) Child Protection and Care Study (Chapman, 2000), researchers looked at data from the 1996–2000 period on the relationship between physical abuse and outcomes in four types of children who attended school with parent-rearing problems that were measured by the DAPT (Parent, Partner, and Parenting Rating Scale (PDRS). These measures included child behavioral, maternal, and parental behavioral problems, and were used to determine whether physical abuse (for example, inappropriate touching and sexual behavior) affected child outcomes. Physical abuse did not, however, have much to do with emotional and behavioral problems.
The Parent-Child Relationship
The relationship of physical abuse and developmental outcomes in children attending school with parents and/or an adult parent is known as parent-child. Although other research has investigated how a parent and/or adult might interact or have a child (e.g., Koehler & Hernández, 1979), this relationship is not a straightforward one. For many people, the relationship between physical abuse and other social and psychological harms remains poorly understood (Wollheim, 1981, 1985). In addition, these issues are often complex and confusing.
Although many people are aware that family abuse is a major problem in many children (especially those in middle adolescence), research is not well documented that will allow the identification and analysis of this problem. In general, a lack of data regarding the relationship between physical abuse and other social and psychological harms continues to impair understanding and treatment.
Several studies have reported that childhood emotional problems, including substance abuse, are linked to early behavioral problems
Benedict B. Einhorn and Richard J. Einhorn, 1989; Einhorn et al., 2000.
This study used data from the Parent-Child Relationship to establish a link between physical maltreatment and physical and psychological stress and anxiety in children attending high school with parent or adult guardians such as siblings when they were 3 years old (e.g., Heng et al., 2000). Children from such a background were not assigned to their parents, who had to make the kids work hard (Heng et al., 2000). As indicated in the Table . , these children were assigned to the same family by a non-father but by a parent, which explains an early decrease in risk for these problems. According to this study, physical threats to others and emotional pain are linked, with physical abuse linked to developmental problems. These early behavioral problems were much more severe and intrusive than those seen by other children. Moreover, both psychological and physical abuse contribute to the development and stress over the developmental needs of children (Santos