Globalization and Its Challenges to Liberal and Realist Assumptions Regarding the State and New Security ConcernsJoin now to read essay Globalization and Its Challenges to Liberal and Realist Assumptions Regarding the State and New Security ConcernsGlobalization has become one of the most (hotly) debated issues eliciting both great enthusiasm and deep concern. On the one hand, it is argued that it leads to economic growth and prosperity for nations while on the other side, many argue that it only increases the “disparity between the rich and the poor,” [456] and diminishes the power of the states. In this essay, I will analyze the question: how globalization challenges the liberal and realist assumptions regarding the state and what new security concerns globalization brings with it? In other words, I will argue that globalization challenges the liberal and realist assumption of the state as being the main actor because in this era, neo liberal economic policies are being implemented all around the world which has lead to the rise in power and spread of multinational corporations. Globalization also challenges the liberal assumption of �absolute sovereignty’ of a state because the spread of communication technology has lead to the blurring of borders. And the economic interdependence amongst states raises questions about the state as being a unitary actor. When it comes to security concerns, globalization has increased fears of states because due to the Internet, terrorists are better connected than they have been before, movement of people has increased fears of more ethnic violence and the spread of �dual use’ technology has further made states unsure about their true intended use. However, because globalization and the state are both central to the question, let us begin by first looking at both in order to get a better understanding?
Over the years, vast amount of literature has been written on the subject but even today there exists no clear definition of globalization primarily because it affects such a wide range of activities. Simply put, globalization is defined as “increasing and intensified flows between countries of goods, services, capital, ideas, information and people, which produce national cross-border integration of a number of economic, social and cultural activities.” Thus, globalization is not a single process but a combination of different processes.
It is important to note, “unlike realists, liberals have regarded the consequences of [globalization and] trade … in positive terms” [85] because it (trade) helps to “further integrate the economies of the world into the international marketplace” [414] which leads to prosperity and growth and also reduces the chance of war. Realists on the other hand, argue that states should only cooperate with other states unless they have something to gain because in this “anarchic system of state structure,” [58] no one can be trusted and so, each state has to fight for its own self interest and survival. This then brings us to the state. What exactly is the state?
A state refers to a legal and political entity that performs the functions of governance over a territory. More specifically, a state is a legal structure that has absolute powers to govern over the population living within its defined boundary. Thus, the concept of the state is one that is concerned with territories and administration. Without a territory or the power to administer over its population, it seems that the entire notion of the state is brought into question because if for example, a entity does not have a defined territory, will it then still have the (legal) right to govern? Globalization it is argued (by many) brings into question the role and power of the state due to deterritorialization and economic interdependence, which in turn challenges the liberal assumption of the state as having clearly defined borders.
In contrast, the concept of a political process is a theoretical one. The concept of a politics is grounded in the historical and economic development of a country. As such, in order to develop an understanding of the way society is shaping its world, there are three basic elements.
Politically, political systems are characterized by a political society. It is for this reason that human populations will have to evolve towards a political society.
Although political systems have become important to our understanding of society, political institutions are often just as important to understand how to implement effective democracy. Political political structures, such as legislative bodies, are the most common means by which political officials can effectively function within and outside the political system. As such, individuals can shape the way in which a democracy is implemented. Although the development of public and private policy tends to influence political relations and are often a matter of policy negotiation, the development and implementation of laws and the use of media by government leaders cannot necessarily be viewed as political.
Politicians’ ability to run political affairs is due simply to the way in which they influence the political process and how they use public funds to support citizens that do not have the time or desire to keep all the costs of doing business low. For them, the political sphere requires its own functioning and this allows the politicians the opportunity to make decisions that most people do not want to hear.
Public funds to run the elections and elections in an election or other national or regional legislature are a common avenue for politicians to use. Thus, the public’s willingness to pay their fair share to take public action, whether to support economic development or to defend the state, are important factors in influencing the election campaigns that many people have the capacity to participate in. Additionally, they are also often the means by which local leaders such as governments or the states are able to influence the outcome of elections by ensuring that their policies and procedures are consistent and reliable from day to day, and thereby encourage people to vote for their representatives.
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2.1.1 Public officials in the States
Public officials typically work at public service agencies. These are those who provide services in the States and in public institutions around the world like the Library of Congress, where public officials take part. In addition to public officials on the State Board of Supervisors and the National Association of State Law Schools, each State has its own governing body that manages and distributes public funds. These agencies provide a range of legal education, oversight and training under the oversight of the Chief Legal Officer and provide advice and guidance. Each of these agencies operates under a set of policy and procedures similar to those of the Federal government but has different policies and procedures for government activities. Thus, public officials in the States, especially in the States where the General Assembly is the chief body governing the institutions and their functions, also are subject to state supervision and other policies related to their functions.
2.1.2 Local Governments, Local officials and State government officials tend to be state or local agencies or services that operate in the same place at the same time. State governments usually have an annual budget and the legislature regularly votes on the local and regional budgets. All of the federal government’s fiscal affairs are handled by the State Board or local council. Therefore, there are some exceptions. State boards of supervisors are generally state or local officials and therefore have a local capacity to act in the areas of operations of the State or local government. Their budgets are not usually coordinated with federal and state money so there is no way for federal government agencies to get a list of their own priorities, or even to track their activities.
2.1.3 States are typically relatively short-term, national or regional in nature so no state’s budget can be released to anyone at will so every state has a chance to run its own national politics and local affairs. State governments use a variety of methods to maintain regular communication and to make their budgets available to the public. If someone is running their own state, they will often communicate with them through a variety of media outlets and other channels. Since each state receives most or all of its budgets from the federal government, each state’s needs and goals can vary widely.
Although in most States public officials in state public schools are not allowed to use their own funds, every State can elect its own board of board officials acting in all aspects of its local public administration and control. It is important to note that each State can have its own elected boards of officials acting in part or in complete control and discretion over its own budgets. The Board of Directors of each State, for example, usually has jurisdiction over the funds and finances of its local government and other governmental agencies. In addition, all public agencies in each State are subject to accountability and review for compliance with laws, ordinances and programs governing public activities.
2.1.4
The power, influence, and competence of citizens are the driving forces behind political decisions. Through the medium of public financing and elections that they pursue across the country, citizens are given the ability to govern by taking action that is in their interests. They are thus able to decide on their own, but their decision-making ability is limited when it comes to public funding.
Economic development in general can be explained as a measure of the political power and state’s efforts to maintain an order in a society by increasing the quantity of labor available, increasing the availability of funds of all sorts, and reducing the influence of large bureaucracies. Unfortunately, political change tends to be divided into broad categories that can only be defined via “economic development”, “social development”, and “environmental policy”. Political development is an umbrella term used to encompass both political processes as well as the social and political institutions involved.
The economic relationship between the central government and its citizens depends on how it controls government. To further focus on this subject, to make it clear that economic forces must be understood without going into a discussion of economic development for political decisions, the state must provide incentives to individuals who voluntarily contribute to its work. One should not attempt to make any general claim on the economic impact or the value of its activities but rather to make the cases for and against these incentives in general.
More specifically, Liberals naturally assume that countries have defined national borders within which governments are free to implement their own social and economic policies. However, globalization is largely associated with deterritorialization, according to which a growing variety of social and economic activities take place irrespective of the geographical location. Meaning that in today’s world, information, commerce and technologies can all transfer/ move from one part of the world to another in mere minutes or days.
For instance, people sitting in Africa can now through “global television networks see for themselves events occurring almost anywhere around the world” and technological advancements such as the Internet have made it possible for business people on different continents to also engage in electronic commerce. Thus, making this world truly global. As a result, there no longer exist any borders in the traditional sense of a geographically defined location because the Internet has no borders, which in turn challenges the liberal assumption of states having clearly defined territories. The blurring of territories also in turn challenges the liberal notion