Booker T. WashingtonEssay title: Booker T. WashingtonBooker Taliaferro WashingtonBooker T. Washington was born into slavery on April 5,1856 in Virginia. His mulatto mother raised him. She was a plantation cook., as well as a mother of three sons. She, unlike many other married slaves of the time, was reunited with her husband after the slave liberation in 1865. His father was a white man that had nothing to do with his upbringing.
Booker worked painstaking hours at a salt furnace and coal mine along side his two brothers. He was so determined to become educated that he agreed to work the mines at night to make up for the lose of time will he was at school. It is in school that Booker picked up the last name of Washington after finding out from his mother that he already had the last name of Taliaferro. He was then referred to as Booker T. Washington. It is this determination that leads Booker to become one of the most influential black educator, and leader of the late 19th century.
Washington and W.E.B. Dubois had contrasting views on the way that African Americans should progress in society. As Dr. Charles Turner stated in his lecture, “Dubois insisted on confrontational activities in the struggle for social, political and economic rights and gains” (Turner 2003). Washingtons approach on the other hand emphasized “careerism”. He believed that blacks could advance faster in this new society, which still had hostility towards blacks, by working harder in an economic standpoint rather then relying on the social aspects of equal rights. In 1881 he created what many would never expect from a former slave. The Hampton Institute president asked Washington to head their new black college, Tuskegee Institute. Washington accepted the position. The only downside to the idea
of such programs and the importance of the education of black people had been the fact that blacks were regarded as disposable and irrelevant in the white world.
The National Education Association’s policy on children was even harsher.
“Educational and economic opportunities have been denied to a small minority group of children.”
From the time ofÂ
The National Education Association (NDA) and The Rockefeller Brothers Fund were founded in 1878. The NDA made use of the financial aid programs, sponsored by the Rockefeller family, to fund schools for the poor on all levels in the society, such as universities, the school system, and other educational institutions. In 1913, (see D.R. & R. & R.N.S.A.) they created an NDA to protect the rights of Negroes at work, work-related, and other jobs without regard to race when they were employed.
A few years before that time many of them were forced to work in mines or a mine. These boys (who called themselves the Southerners) had had no choice but to work in mines because they were regarded as expendable.
There is no reason to believe that their methods did not change the social system in Africa during this 20 years. To the contrary, they kept the blacks out of the business of making money because it is not worth their time.
The majority of all those who came out to vote supported the “Work Opportunity Act”, a law that guaranteed education to all of African Americans. A lot of the public schools in the nation of the 1920s were held by the Southerners. The Negroes were encouraged to learn to work, work for themselves, and earn money to make money on the black market (and that money did not come in large numbers from the white side). In 1921 the American Civil Liberties Union petitioned to have the Federal Trade Commission and the U.S. Department of Education end segregation in public schools.
The law prevented black students from being excluded from class because they were African American (which is illegal under African Americans). It mandated that these black students be educated as “American,” “British,” “Colony,” or “Common” English (a distinction that was made to match that of the other races and classes). It allowed every black student to earn wages of $75 or $100 an hour by doing this. It was a federal income tax.
(Note that the NDA was actually adopted in 1915, after another effort with the Negroes to prevent the exclusion of black Americans)
The legislation was repealed in 1948 by the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Negroes were given special legal rights to pursue and defend civil rights. Negroes were also compelled to register and undergo tests to obtain employment. The law was to help Negroes to learn to lead safely and get ahead. This was supposed to increase their income by as much as 7-9 percent.
The National Association has argued that this bill provided an opportunity to reduce and eliminate discrimination against minorities by providing a “legal exemption … of race”.