The History Of Rap And Censorship
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The History of Rap and Censorship
The beginnings of rap are believed to based on African rhythms that were used as a form of communication by the native peoples. The lyrical component of rap music is thought to have been greatly influenced by Cab Calloway with his repetitive chants and scats, along with his call-and-response technique with the audience.
Rap evolved and gained in popularity in the 1960s when a few revolutionary “DJs,” including Kool DJ Herc, DJ Lovebug Starski, and DJ Hollywood, began to work block parties in the Bronx. They would bring in large speakers, hook them up to a turntable and play two of the same record at the same time, repeating the same section of the vinyl over and over by scratching it. Other performers would chant and yell to the crowd.
In 1979, music companies recorded rap for the first time. Such acts as The Sugar Hill Gang, The Fatback Band, and Grandmaster Flash were among the first to gain popularity. In 1982, Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five released the first popular politically based rap. Grandmasters song “The Message” deals with life in the inner city, and the stress of being around violence and drugs. It included such lyrics as, “Junkies in the alley with a baseball bat, I tried to get away but I cant get far, cause the man with the touch-up repossessed my car, dont push me cause Im close to the edge”
The early popularity of rap was hindered by an inability to reach new audiences. After much controversy, MTV began to run videos by black artists. These artists were showcased primarily on the new program “Yo! MTV Raps”. The rhythms and the lyrics attracted a spectrum of listeners, from inner-city minorities to suburban upper-class whites.
During the same era, as rap was rising in popularity, the infamous “PMRC hearings” occurred. Tennessee senator Al Gores wife, Tipper, led the PMRC, or Parents Music Resource Center. This group, which included a number of other wives of Washington legislators, convinced Congress to hold hearings regarding the placement of warning labels on “offensive” albums. The National PTA also called for warning labels on violent, sexually explicit, or vulgar albums in their yearly address in 1984.
During the Congressional hearings, several ideas were considered including warning labels, a ratings system, and singer/songwriter Frank Zappas idea which was to publish the actual lyrics of the album and put them on a sheet of paper inside the packaging. Zappas idea was dismissed, but the ideas of warning labels and ratings were reviewed, with the eventual recommendation that recording companies label their music based on content.
Who determined content, and how, became the issue as demonstrated by the treatment of the 1992 album “Death Certificate” by the “Gangsta” rapper, Ice Cube. This album was determined to be so profane that Billboard Magazine asked merchandisers to refuse to sell or advertise it. Ice Cubes British label, Island Records, then edited two of the albums tracks before selling it and without obtaining permission from Ice Cube to alter his recording. In one of these edited songs, “No Vaseline”, Ice Cube raps about his former N.W.A. band mates with lyrics such as ” Yo Dre you been a dick, Eazy-E saw your ass and went in it quick. “Tried to dis Ice Cube but it wasnt worth it, cause the broomstick fits your ass so perfect.”
The language of these lyrics may be offensive to many, but if a buyer or a retailer is discouraged because of the warning label, listeners might also miss out on a song like “Alive on Arrival.” In this song Ice Cube describes what its like to seek treatment at South Central L.A.s much under-funded Martin Luther King Hospital. “Look at the waiting room, its filled to the brim like the County Jail day-room, nobodys getting help, since were poor the hospital moves slow then I begin the ass-kissin just to get helped by an over-worked physician.”
There is also an apparent inequality in the placement of these warning labels. For instance, Alanis Morrissettes 1994 “Jagged Little Pill” album had swearing and references to oral sex in a public place, as well as breaking and entering. The Dixie Chicks, on their album “Fly” devote an entire song to the celebration of murdering an abusive man. Garth Brooks, in his song, “Thunder Rolls” also describes an abusive husband being killed by his wife. White, mainstream artists performed each one of these songs and none of them received warning labels.
While these labels were designed to inform parents and purchasers of albums about the content many states are now using them to determine which albums minors are permitted to purchase. In some states it is now illegal for anyone under the age of eighteen to purchase a labeled recording.
Government attempts to legislate morality doesnt stop with warning labels. A law drafted in the Senate by Senators John McCain, and Ernest Hollings proposed that “Censorware” be mandatory on all internet-accessible computers inside schools and libraries. This would protect children, according to the senators, from unwanted or explicit words and images. However, along with pornography and other explicit sites containing swearing, sex, death, etc., the official sites for the National Organization of Women (NOW), the Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Discrimination (GLAAD), and anti-censorship sites such as Rock Out Censorship were also blocked. Also affected were sites containing information about rap music, and mp3s of rap music. When asked to comment McCain said, “The prevention lies not in censoring what goes on the Internet, but rather in filtering what comes out of it.”
Fortunately for those individuals who rely on internet-access in libraries or schools because they dont have enough money to own a computer, the Supreme Court unanimously voted to overturn the law.
Not all of governments attempts at censorship are as obvious as “Censorware.” In 1997, Governor of Texas, George W. Bush signed a bill that prohibited state funds from being invested in the stock of any company who released “offensive” material through their media businesses. This bill, however, is based on judgments and not concrete qualifications. For example, “sexual deviancy” could pertain to sexual acts with animals, rape, or sodomy, which includes both oral and anal sex. Thus the label of “sexual deviancy” could ban holdings in all companies who release any music with pro-homosexual lyrics.
Other states including Virginia