Great Wall of China ReportEssay Preview: Great Wall of China ReportReport this essayThe Great Wall of ChinaThe Great Wall of China is truly one of the greatest architectural achievements in recorded history. The longest structure ever built, it is about 6,700 kilometers (4,163 miles) long and made entirely by hand. This wall is said to be visible from the moon. It crosses Northern China, from the East coast to Central China (Karls, 1). This massive wall is not only one of the ancient wonders of the world, but it also has been the inspiration of many writers and artists. With a history of more than 2,000 years, some of the sections of the Great Wall are now in ruins or even entirely disappeared. However, it is still one of the most appealing attractions all around the world, because of its architectural greatness and historical significance.
HISTORY:
The Great Wall of China, originally in the form of an ancient fortress to accommodate the immense Chinese military force, was a major military operation with much success. It was built by Emperor Li, son of emperor Wu, and later by Emperor Zhang.
History shows that the Great Wall of China was a major military development of the nation. The People’s Republic of China was founded around 1249 through the use of an imperial court and several imperial emperors and kings (1), while the Imperial Court was established at Han Dynasty. There were several cities built, several more established and hundreds of other emperors and kings as well (2). The Great Wall also caused huge problems for the Empire; one of these was Emperor Li, who had a severe case of dysentery and was killed a few years prior. Many small emperors and kings, including some from neighboring Great Zhejiang and some from the Hsian Empire, were killed during fighting, however, most of the emperors were the sons of the emperor who had died during the war, as well as some of the king’s relatives.
Before the war between Wu and Emperor Li, a Chinese historian, Song Liaxin, noted that the Great Wall of China was constructed without having been constructed by his troops, although the legend goes that Wu would have set out on an expedition during the year 3106 and that the Great Wall of China was built for the purpose of taking advantage of the new Chinese emperor’s generosity.
Historians are no longer studying China’s Great Wall, and it has been a topic of great confusion and controversy for thousands of years. But it is now evident that this monumental temple was never built, which it later was. During the Great War, however, it was erected on the hilltop of the Shinshen Mountain. It is believed that as late as 855 the city was built with the intention of establishing a new power, Han Dynasty, and at that time Emperor Li had promised an army, but he did make it clear that the king would not receive his funds during the campaign that would ultimately begin if Emperor Li failed during the War.
During the war, the Great Wall was kept in a state of desolation, since it was placed in a place of extreme importance. In the summer of 1253, two soldiers were killed as they entered Tiananmen Square and were placed in a shallow grave. In the spring of 1254 the Emperor had a general, Zhao Yongqing, kill one of the soldiers, although no further details of such a particular incident are known. The emperor, who later went by the surname Lu, decided to raise an army of three thousand men across the Great Wall and had the whole province of Tang dynasty and the Chinese countryside covered in the ruins of these great empires fall into ruins (3).
The following year another mass of soldiers was moved across the Great Wall; this time the emperor was forced to leave most of his subjects and his personal armies to the people of Han. Because there were no troops available to make a successful offensive against the Emperor’s troops, the war became civil warfare, as Emperor Bei Bei was forced to leave his forces to help the people of Han, and the military forces returned. The Emperor was forced to withdraw to a large portion of the province of
The Great Walls construction began in 221 BC under the emperor Meng Tien, of the Chin Dynasty (Twitchett, 2). Continual invasions and wars from the barbarians to the North drove the emperor to order its construction to protect the newly unified China. It started at Lintao and extended to Liaotung, reaching a distance of more than 10,000 Li. After crossing the Yellow River, it wound northward, touching the Yang Mountains (Twitchett, 2). Although the wall is considered to be well under 10,000 Li (one Li is approximately a third of a mile) it was truly an amazing accomplishment (Twitchett, 2).
Meng Tien employed some 300,000 men in the creation of the original section of the wall. The building of such a massive wall would definitely be a huge task. A wall that stretches through the wilderness is not easily accessed by supply lines, unlike a highway that creates its own supply line (Delahoye, 3). There was also a massive loss of lives during the construction of the wall, due to widespread disease and injury (Delahoye, 3). In fact it is an Ancient Chinese myth, that each stone in the wall stands for a life lost in the walls construction (Delahoye, 3). It is recorded that Meng Tiens section of the wall took only ten years to build, but it is believed that it actually took a substantially greater amount of time (Delahoye, 3). After Meng Tiens original construction the wall was far from completed. Other walls were added to and encompassed within The Great Wall. The last major work on the wall was completed during the Ming Dynasty around 1500 (Delahoye, 3). The Great Wall extends around 1,500 miles in an east-west direction. It travels through four provinces (Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Gansu) beginning in northern Hebei and ending in the northwest Gansu province (Delahoye, 3).
The Great Wall is built of many different materials, from granite blocks to tamped earth (Ledoux, 4). These materials ranging from 15 to 50 feet high with a base width between 15 and 30 feet, the wall had guard towers spread along the entire length of the wall (Ledoux, 4). The Great Wall of China was built by stacking mud or clay bricks one by one on top of each other. The brick was first produced in a sun-dried form at least 6,000 years ago, and is the prototype of a wide range of clay building products used today (Ledoux, 4). It is the small building unit in the form of a rectangular block, formed from clay, shale, or other mixtures and burned in a oven, to produce strength, hardness, and heat resistance (Ledoux, 4). The original concept of ancient brick-makers was that the unit should not be bigger than what one man could easily handle (Ledoux, 4).
To understand the Great Wall it is necessary to know the many components of the wall, and their purposes. The Great Wall was renovated from time to time after the Qin Dynasty. A major renovation started with the founding of the Ming Dynasty in 1368, and took 200 years to complete (Karls, 1). The wall seen today is almost exactly the result of this effort. With a total length of over 6,000 kilometers, it extends to the Jiayu Pass in Gansu Province, and in the west to the mouth of the Yalu River in the Liaoning Province in the east (Karls, 1). What lies north of Beijing is but a small section of it (Karls). The Badaling section of the Great Wall along the mountains in the northwest of Beijing was built at the beginning of the Ming Dynasty in the 14th century (Karls, 1). Being 7.8 meters high and 5.8 meters wide at the top on the average, it has battle forts at important points, including the corners (Karls, 1). Located 10 kilometers south of the Badaling section of the Great Wall, was a built in 18.5 kilometer long valley (Karls, 1). The pass has always been an important gateway northwest of Beijing. Cloud Terrace, built in 1345, was originally the base over looking the main road of the town pass (Karls, 1). The arched gate of the terrace and the walls inside the arch are decorated with carvings of elephants, lions, birds, and flowers (Karls, 1). Also included are the heavenly kings as well as charms in six languages (Karls, 1). The Mutianyu section of the Great Wall, 70 kilometers northeast of Beijing, is linked to the Gubeikou section on the east and the Badaling section on the west (Karls, 1). The Mutianyu section of the Great Wall was used for watching and shooting at the invading enemy (Karls, 1). Some of the battle forts on the wall are as close as 50 meters apart. It is one of the best sections of the Great Wall (Karls, 1). The Jinshanling division of the Great Wall, like the Simatai division, belongs to the Gubeikou section of the huge defense barrier. The walls in the Jinshanling division of the Great Wall are built along the ridge of a mountain, where the soldiers can resist the invading enemy by taking advantage of the high terrain (Karls, 1). Located to the east of Jinshanling, the Simatai division of the Great Wall is 3,000 meters long and has 35 battle forts (Karls, 1). The wall rises and falls with the mountain ridge, while the battle forts are located high up the hills. Then there is the Beakon Tower. From the Beakon Tower alarms were raised by means of smoke signals, at night by fire (Karls, 1). Smoke was produced by burning a mixture of wolf dung, sulfur and saltpeter (Karls, 1). Shots were fired at the same time. Thus an alarm could be relayed from over 500 kilometers within just a few hours.
As we all know the Great Wall was slowly built by sections, but now today exists as one wall. This was possible because the Qin Dynasty was finally able to unite the split up sections of the walls (Forbes, 5). The emperor had extravagant plans for the empire, and he used forced labor to accomplish them. Gangs of Chinese peasants were forced to dig canals, and build roads. The one thing however, the Qin Dynasty thought to be especially important was to create a better barrier to the north (Muyaka, 6). Earlier rulers had built walls to prevent attacks by nomadic barbarians. First the Emperor ordered that those walls to be connected, and complete the entire wall as one (Forbes, 5).