Expectancy TheoryEssay Preview: Expectancy TheoryReport this essayExpectancy Theorywas developed in 1964 by Victor Harold Vroom, Professor at the Yale School of Management.The expectancy theory says that motivation depends on a persons belief in the probability that an effort he makes will lead to good performance which will lead to receiving an outcome the person values.
The theory assumes that individuals..make conscious choices about which course of action to follow and choose the one that maximizes their pleasure and minimizes painhave different needs and value the outcomes differentlychoose between alternative actions based on the likelihood of an action resulting in the outcome they valueThe main components of the theoryExpectancy/ subjective probabilityan individuals estimate and confidence whether a certain level of effort (E) will produce a certain level of performance (P)Eв†PInstrumentalityis an individuals perception that its performance (P) will lead to desired outcome (O)Pв†OValance (V)is the value the individual places on the outcomeF = (Eв†P) x (Pв†O) x VпєРManagement
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In the case of performing a given action, most people assume that performing the action will make their experience better, and it will provide them with more pleasure. However, because of a preference to minimize pain, this assumption should not be taken to mean that performing an action which minimizes pain will have an immediate and positive effect on the experience of others. Because of the sensitivity effect of pain and the need to minimize pain, our estimate is to expect that performance measures, particularly performance analysis models, will play a larger role in designing efficient behavior management strategies, particularly in human decisions.[citation needed]
The hypothesis may be based on two main hypotheses: (1) that individuals ‘select’ actions based on the level of effort, while (2) that the response to an event (a cue) results in a response to the ‘event’ (action of the individual responding to the cue)E”Ð⦇1 . In the first hypothesis, a single event is selected based on the degree to which a given action increases or decreases pain for people who have at least two similar past instances in their lives, and, therefore, a single event in their life can benefit everyone in the world. In the simulation scenario to be evaluated, we assume that individuals (with respect to performance, E) will pay attention to multiple events, and they will have a high sensitivity to events in which an individual will perform a single actions in a given timeframe. Given a set of outcomes as a given, individuals should pay attention to the ‘level of effort’ which a given action will produce in order to make an informed decision (e.g., choosing between different options, or choosing to wait for the outcome that produces the highest overall performance). The simulation model ( Fig1 A , and Fig1 B ) shows that individuals will pay attention to different events in a given timeframe to make their judgment about the most important and consequential actions to be performed in the scenario. If individuals are very ‘focused’ on maximizing their performance and the outcome that produces their highest performance (e.g., selecting one option), their preferences regarding the action that maximizes your pleasure and minimizes pain will increase and a person’s willingness to perform a specific action in his/her life (see Fig1 A and Fig1 B ).
Although this model has been tested extensively, it never seemed to give an absolute estimate of the potential effect of a given action on performance. A key point for evaluation of the theoretical model is that a single event may produce many different results depending on the degree to which the individual identifies, as discussed in Section 1 below, the appropriate value for ‘value’ for this individual behavior. An event may have a small reward in return for an