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Schizophrenia Schizophrenia Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is one of the most common mental illnesses. It is a severe, chronic, and disabling brain disease. Schizophrenia is often mistaken for multiple personalities, or dissociative identity disorder. However, they are two different mental illnesses. Schizophrenia occurs when an individual splits off from reality and are unable to tell what is.