What Are The Main Theoretical And Political Differences Between ÐFirst And ÐSecond Wave Feminism
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What are the main theoretical and political differences between Ðfirst and Ðsecond wave feminism
Feminism is both an intellectual commitment and a political movement that seeks justice for women and the end of sexism in all forms. However, there are many different kinds of feminism. So some have found it useful to think of the womens movement in the US as occurring in “waves” . On the wave model, the struggle to achieve basic political rights during the period from the mid-19th century until the 1920s counts as “first wave” feminism waned between the two world wars, to be “revived” in the late 1960s and early 1970s as “second wave” feminism. The concept of waves is not meant to imply that organised feminism disappeared in the intervening years, but to emphasize periods when womens movements are most visible in terms of their activities and degree of support . Feminism is a cross cutting ideology, encompassing three principle traditions: liberal, socialist and radical Although there are many different and sometimes conflicting approaches to feminist philosophy, it is instructive to begin by asking what are the main theoretical and political between Ðfirst and Ðsecond wave feminism. One of the more obvious differences between the Ðfirst and Ðsecond waves is time.
First Wave Feminism: EQUALITY
Feminist aspirations developed a political theory with the publication of Mary Wollstonecrafts ÐA Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792-1985). Early feminism, particularly the Ðfirst wave of the womens movement, was deeply influenced by the ideas and values of liberalism. (Freedom, Justice, Individual, Tolerance & Reason) Liberals express this belief in the demand for equal rights. First wave feminism stresses equality, rights, liberation and emancipation. Mary Wollstonecraft argued, that women should be entitled to the same rights and privileges as men. On the grounds that they are Ðhuman beings, claiming the Ðdistinction of sex would become unimportant in political and social life if women gained access to education, and were regarded as rational creatures in their own right. These were the women who broke through the barriers of their day to speak in public, to demand property rights and to claim a political voice: beginning with the First Womens Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848 and culminating in the right to vote in 1920.
The key concerns of First Wave Feminists were education, employment, the marriage laws, and the plight of intelligent middle-class single women. They were not primarily concerned with the problems of working-class women and they, largely, responded to specific injustices they had themselves experienced. The major achievements of First Wave Feminism were the opening of higher education for women; reform of the girls secondary-school system, including participation in formal national examinations. The widening of access to the professions, especially medicine; married womens property rights, recognized in the Married Womens Property Act of 1870; and some improvement in divorced and separated womens child custody rights. Active until the First World War, First Wave Feminism ended with the achievement of suffrage introduced first in New Zealand in 1893, USA 1920 and the UK in 1918, but they did not achieve equal voting rights with men for a further decade. Female suffrage was its principle goal because it was believed that if women could vote all other forms of sexual discrimination or prejudices would quickly disappear. .
Second Wave Feminism: DIFFERENCE
It was not until the 1960s that the womens movement was regenerated with the emergence of feminisms Ðsecond wave, taking up the cause of womens rights, they founded feminist organisations and raised the consciousness of the women and men of the country. In this Ðsecond wave, feminists pushed beyond the early quest for political rights to fight for greater equality across the board focusing on winning pay equity for women, access to jobs and education, recognition of womens unpaid labour in the home, and a rebalancing of the double workload of family and outside work for women in the paid labour force. The wave began with the founding of womens liberation groups that took New Left political groups, such as the Students for a Democratic Society, as their models. They were joined soon after, by other groups that sought political change within the system, and through political organizations of their own, forming feminist groups and the mass of the second wave.
Second wave feminism stresses the difference of women, and challenges the centrality of masculine values Ð- either values associated with masculinity (reason, detachment, power) or values inherently masculine (autonomy, aggression). They also stress the difference between sex and gender: sex is our biological and natural being; gender is the social and cultural interpretation of that being. Therefore there is a need to assert womens sex and challenge rigid models of gender. Whereas Ðfirst wave feminism insists that sexual identity is inessential or secondary to our humanity. Feminists disagree about what sexism consists in, and what exactly ought to be done about it; they disagree about what it means to be a woman or a man and what social and political implications gender has or should have, it was obvious early on that the movement was not a unified one, with differences emerging between black feminism, lesbian feminism, liberal feminism, and social feminism. Therefore the important topics for feminist theory and politics include: the body, class and work, disability, the family, globalization, human rights, popular culture, race and racism, reproduction, science, the self, sex work, and sexuality. Second Wave Feminism did not just make an impact upon western societies, but has also continued to inspire the struggle for womens rights across the world
In America, Ðsecond wave feminism rose out of the Civil Rights and anti-war movements in which women, disillusioned with their second-class status even in the activist environment of student politics, began to band together to contend against discrimination. The tactics employed by Second Wave Feminists varied from highly published activism, such as the protest against the Miss America beauty contest in 1968, to the establishment of small consciousness-raising groups. Feminism can be said to have exposed