Hate CrimeEssay Preview: Hate CrimeReport this essayI. Why Do Men Commit Certain Crimes against Women and “Non-Masculine” Males?II. IntroductionIn this paper I will be discussing different forms of violence acts that is gendered towards women and homosexuals or those who do not follow the “norms” of society. These include, domestic violence, sexual harassment, homophobic crimes, and rape. I will discuss each one in detail explaining who is most likely to commit each act and who is most likely to be a victim of one. Next I will describe in detail why the feminist’s theory best fits in determining why these crimes are committed.
III. AnalysisDomestic violence is the domination or physically or emotionally inflicted abuse by a spouse, boyfriend, or ex boyfriend. There are two different kinds of physical violence direct and indirect. Direct physical violence is physical harm done to the victim where as indirect is the destruction of objects or possessions. The range of violence varies from household to household. Those households that are in poverty tend to be more violent than those of middle class status (Stalans). Women that are involved with an abusive spouse find it very hard to get away from the violence as well. The intimidation and threats to their safety by their spouse warning that if they try to leave they will always find them and when they do they will kill them. In result if the woman does decide to leave she has to live in constant fear of being found. Not wanting to live like this most women put up with the abuse and tries to stick it out. An example of this is Browne’s idea of Captives and Captors. The abused wife is fully aware of the danger and physical harm her spouse is capable of doing to her so if she gives little resistance then the more lenient and less violent he may be. Also with the constant worry of abuse the woman is in a constant state of survival instead of trying to find a way out of the relationship. (Browne)
Sexual Harassment is coercion of unwanted sexual behavior that interferes with a person’s ability to complete occupational duties or that hinders their education. It is committed predominately by men in an occupational or educational setting. Although found on all levels the majority of sexual harassment cases happen to women that are in subordinate working positions usually with lower pay. (Rundblad) The most vulnerable victims tend to be young, single, from a racial or ethnic background, and as stated in a subordinate workers position. There are two types of sexual harassment: “quid pro quo” and hostile environment. Quid pro quo (“this for that”) is when a supervisor makes an ultimatum for the victim. She will receive a raise or a bonus if she will have sex with him. With this form of harassment only one incident will be enough to take legal action. Hostile environment cases are more towards hostility and a way of degrading or a form of humiliation of women instead of a man seeking a sexual relationship with them. These cases do not even have to pertain to sex but just the fact that the action was done because of the person’s sex. These require evidence of consistent behavioral patterns to be able to take legal action. In female-dominated jobs quid pro quo is most likely to occur and in male-dominated jobs hostile environment is more likely to occur. (Rundblad)
Homophobic crimes are an act of physical or verbal violence directed towards an individual based on their sexual orientation. So the victims of these crimes are lesbians, gay men, and bi-sexuals. Majority of the time the victims do not know there perpetrator, which is predominantly young adult white males. The ways crimes are defined as homophobic crimes are when explicit statements about the individual’s sexual orientation is stated, they were victimized by being at a gay-identified location, and somehow the crime is associated with behaviors of the victim that indicated he/she was gay. (Herek) Like all of these crimes it often goes unreported due to victims not believing that anything will be done about it, they will be treated unfairly because of there sexuality, or they simply do not want there sexuality to be known.
• “Homophobic incidents are not a new phenomenon. The recent rise of public awareness about sexual violence against men, as well as the growing public recognition of the impact of these crimes on minority racial communities, have brought about an explosion of information regarding sexual violence within the general public (particularly of minority groups).” – “Homophobia of male-to-male sexual relations has led to greater rates of sexual violence among both men and women, including among bisexuals. The public attitudes about the issues at stake have increased significantly, from being negatively impacted by homophobic and interracial acts against women, to increasingly anti-trans and trans-friendly attitudes toward gender identities that are very much an issue of the current discourse about gender.” – “More than 85% of men and 45% of women who committed sexual violence in our society are sexually harassed or assaulted by some form of discrimination, and only 15% of all transgender men and 24% of all trans women commit such incidents. Additionally, 65% of trans men and 60% of all cisgender men and 24% of all transgender women have been harassed or assaulted by a gay or bisexual person for identifying as a man or woman. Furthermore, in many cases, these same individuals also have experienced a perceived lack of respect for their sexual or physical identities, especially due to the negative perceived stigma associated with transgender people being trans-related. For men, this is the perception. However, for trans women, the perception is more often reinforced through the perception of the stigma associated with gender in general, although as I noted above ‘gender’ as a term often understates sexual violence within the context of sex relationships and other non-family members, particularly for individuals of opposite-sex sexual orientation or sex with an opposite-sex biological mother. This is to make it more difficult for men than women to properly understand the context of asexual violence in a family relationship. (Herek) The second main problem with the above data on the overall attitudes and behaviors of males and females toward the issues at stake is the lack of understanding of this issue within the heterosexual male population or the ways in which sexual assaults are characterized (both socially and physically). For example: The first problem in the gay men-to-male sexual violence data we are tracking is that they cannot easily comprehend the dynamics of male and female interpersonal relationships and have to rely on traditional means of communication with one another. The first problem is that even when we are able to understand what one person is doing with a partner, they are still generally able to communicate the actions of a dominant sexual partner. In fact, most of their behavior is usually categorized as “oppressive” with respect to being male/female (either at first sight (in a relationship) or because both partners are transgender) rather than the “normatively male” kind. For males, it is much more common to see the behaviors that are being described by the other partners (and in some cases that is the only behaviors available in sexual violence situations) as an aberration of normal behaviour due to normalizing their own behaviour towards others (and, to a lesser extent, their physical health) rather than an aberration because their normal self-image was affected by the presence of other heterosexual partners in their life. This is a very clear example of male heterosexuality being the focus of their sexual
The Problem
Even if the victims of these cases understand that it is their sexuality that indicates that homosexual behavior is wrong, they will still be charged with such crimes for it to be the actions of someone they are attracted to who has a history of discrimination and violence against the victim they encounter in the gay or lesbian community.
So, who is to blame? Not just the victims, but many LGBT community members who have their own unique experiences of discrimination and violence, and may still believe the perpetrator will be punished. In some cases they may not even realize they have something to blame, they may simply think the attack is the result of homosexuality only.
One of the main goals of the LGBT community is to help transgender members understand and be able to be recognized in their community as a human being.
Inclusion
Some of the most common and popular ways that gays and lesbians have encountered discrimination and violence is the “canceling” of gay Pride, which is always one of the highlights of a couple’s day and evening. For example, in a recent incident in Virginia, the couple started going to the bathroom without getting a refund because of “bog drenched and a bad taste of sweat and sweat”. Other times the couple were told not go outside because of where they were based, because the bathroom wasn’t locked and there was no sign of their genitals.
According to a report for NCIS America, in some cases the gay and lesbian participants were not allowed anywhere near bathrooms, and the bathrooms were not always used properly by their colleagues.
In fact, a 2006 report for NCIS America found that a new law was passed on June 29, 2009 requiring transgender women to have a transgender status card. It reads that “a female must be able to identify as a male by the age of 17. It is no longer mandatory for transgender individuals to use the bathroom of their choice but is considered acceptable.”
Folks who can’t access their personal restroom at public restrooms in their own community are being discriminated against by people of color and other LGBTQ groups. Even in places where they cannot access showers they can either rely on other people for help or find a family or close friends who can.
Violence against the LGBTQ community
In some cases, when people of color and others of color feel that their partner’s behavior is not appropriate due to their sexuality, they may have to confront their partner and use force.
Some LGBT members of the same gender feel that that individual’s behavior will be viewed with hostility because they are of LGBT status, even if they are not explicitly a member of the transgender community which can be viewed as discriminatory or discrimination.
There seems to be a perception that they are discriminated against because their sexual orientation is LGBT. In other cases, though, transgender members of the same gender can be seen as the enemy because they are being treated differently due to their sexuality. The majority of transgender people who have been harmed in other ways by their behavior do not want to be treated as enemies because they are transgender or have the right to use violence against those who experience their situation.
Gay and lesbian couples experiencing harassment and rape, or men who are facing sexual violence with their family, are also sometimes discriminated against by others of their gender
The Problem
Even if the victims of these cases understand that it is their sexuality that indicates that homosexual behavior is wrong, they will still be charged with such crimes for it to be the actions of someone they are attracted to who has a history of discrimination and violence against the victim they encounter in the gay or lesbian community.
So, who is to blame? Not just the victims, but many LGBT community members who have their own unique experiences of discrimination and violence, and may still believe the perpetrator will be punished. In some cases they may not even realize they have something to blame, they may simply think the attack is the result of homosexuality only.
One of the main goals of the LGBT community is to help transgender members understand and be able to be recognized in their community as a human being.
Inclusion
Some of the most common and popular ways that gays and lesbians have encountered discrimination and violence is the “canceling” of gay Pride, which is always one of the highlights of a couple’s day and evening. For example, in a recent incident in Virginia, the couple started going to the bathroom without getting a refund because of “bog drenched and a bad taste of sweat and sweat”. Other times the couple were told not go outside because of where they were based, because the bathroom wasn’t locked and there was no sign of their genitals.
According to a report for NCIS America, in some cases the gay and lesbian participants were not allowed anywhere near bathrooms, and the bathrooms were not always used properly by their colleagues.
In fact, a 2006 report for NCIS America found that a new law was passed on June 29, 2009 requiring transgender women to have a transgender status card. It reads that “a female must be able to identify as a male by the age of 17. It is no longer mandatory for transgender individuals to use the bathroom of their choice but is considered acceptable.”
Folks who can’t access their personal restroom at public restrooms in their own community are being discriminated against by people of color and other LGBTQ groups. Even in places where they cannot access showers they can either rely on other people for help or find a family or close friends who can.
Violence against the LGBTQ community
In some cases, when people of color and others of color feel that their partner’s behavior is not appropriate due to their sexuality, they may have to confront their partner and use force.
Some LGBT members of the same gender feel that that individual’s behavior will be viewed with hostility because they are of LGBT status, even if they are not explicitly a member of the transgender community which can be viewed as discriminatory or discrimination.
There seems to be a perception that they are discriminated against because their sexual orientation is LGBT. In other cases, though, transgender members of the same gender can be seen as the enemy because they are being treated differently due to their sexuality. The majority of transgender people who have been harmed in other ways by their behavior do not want to be treated as enemies because they are transgender or have the right to use violence against those who experience their situation.
Gay and lesbian couples experiencing harassment and rape, or men who are facing sexual violence with their family, are also sometimes discriminated against by others of their gender
The Problem
Even if the victims of these cases understand that it is their sexuality that indicates that homosexual behavior is wrong, they will still be charged with such crimes for it to be the actions of someone they are attracted to who has a history of discrimination and violence against the victim they encounter in the gay or lesbian community.
So, who is to blame? Not just the victims, but many LGBT community members who have their own unique experiences of discrimination and violence, and may still believe the perpetrator will be punished. In some cases they may not even realize they have something to blame, they may simply think the attack is the result of homosexuality only.
One of the main goals of the LGBT community is to help transgender members understand and be able to be recognized in their community as a human being.
Inclusion
Some of the most common and popular ways that gays and lesbians have encountered discrimination and violence is the “canceling” of gay Pride, which is always one of the highlights of a couple’s day and evening. For example, in a recent incident in Virginia, the couple started going to the bathroom without getting a refund because of “bog drenched and a bad taste of sweat and sweat”. Other times the couple were told not go outside because of where they were based, because the bathroom wasn’t locked and there was no sign of their genitals.
According to a report for NCIS America, in some cases the gay and lesbian participants were not allowed anywhere near bathrooms, and the bathrooms were not always used properly by their colleagues.
In fact, a 2006 report for NCIS America found that a new law was passed on June 29, 2009 requiring transgender women to have a transgender status card. It reads that “a female must be able to identify as a male by the age of 17. It is no longer mandatory for transgender individuals to use the bathroom of their choice but is considered acceptable.”
Folks who can’t access their personal restroom at public restrooms in their own community are being discriminated against by people of color and other LGBTQ groups. Even in places where they cannot access showers they can either rely on other people for help or find a family or close friends who can.
Violence against the LGBTQ community
In some cases, when people of color and others of color feel that their partner’s behavior is not appropriate due to their sexuality, they may have to confront their partner and use force.
Some LGBT members of the same gender feel that that individual’s behavior will be viewed with hostility because they are of LGBT status, even if they are not explicitly a member of the transgender community which can be viewed as discriminatory or discrimination.
There seems to be a perception that they are discriminated against because their sexual orientation is LGBT. In other cases, though, transgender members of the same gender can be seen as the enemy because they are being treated differently due to their sexuality. The majority of transgender people who have been harmed in other ways by their behavior do not want to be treated as enemies because they are transgender or have the right to use violence against those who experience their situation.
Gay and lesbian couples experiencing harassment and rape, or men who are facing sexual violence with their family, are also sometimes discriminated against by others of their gender
Rape has been occurring for thousands of years. It is violence that involves one gender, race, social class, and sexuality and is forced intercourse that involves vaginal, anal, or oral penetration.(Felty) Rape is a major problem in the U.S. but it is one of the most unreported crimes. The majority of rape victims are young women making them the most vulnerable targets. African-American women are the most likely to be raped and also the least likely to be taken seriously by authorities. Alarmingly women are most likely to be raped by an acquaintance or someone close to them. This is also known as “simple” rape, where the victim knows the assailant and there is no violence used. These are predominantly unreported where as “aggravated” rape, done by a stranger or someone unknown to the victim, there are multiple assailant or there is physical violence inflicted are the most reported. One reason for this according to Felty is that “prosecution is less likely to be pursued when the offender and victim are acquainted, and convictions are more successfully obtained when they are strangers.” Offenders are rarely convicted as seen by less when 5% of inmates in correctional facilities are convicted of rape. (Felty)
So why do men commit these crimes? In my opinion it is the combination of both feminists theory and sociocultural prospective. The sociocultural approach is that certain