How Dynamics Involving International Cooperation Options Can Help Us to Better Understand Choices About Cyber SecurityHOW DYNAMICS INVOLVING INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION OPTIONS CAN HELP US TO BETTER UNDERSTAND CHOICES ABOUT CYBER SECURITYINTRODUCTIONCyber security has been an issue of global public policy concern for over long period of time considerably decades. Given the growing importance of cyberspace to nearly all aspects of national life, a secure cyberspace is vitally important to every nation (P.W. Singer and Allan Friedman, 2014). Cyber security problems ranges from crime, terrorism, critical infrastructure protection and spam to attacks on cyber infrastructure. The world over has become virtually dependent on cyber systems across the full range of human activities, including commerce, finance, health care, energy, entertainment, communications, and national defense. Similarly, cybercrimes are committed in all these sectors transnationally and also the use of cyber systems for cyber war in most developed countries. It is therefore near accurate to say that cyber Security is a global problem affecting cyber systems hence an urgent need for a global panacea (David Clark, Thomas Berson, and Herbert S, 2014). International cooperation on policy options for cyber security is a matter of concern. Nonetheless, no universal definition exist on cyber security.
Cyber insecurity can result from the vulnerabilities of cyber systems, including flaws or weaknesses in both hardware and software, and from the conduct of states, groups, and individuals with access to them. It takes the forms of cyber warfare, espionage, crime, attacks on cyber infrastructure, and exploitation of cyber systems. Virtually all aspects of cyber insecurity have a transnational component, affecting users of cyber systems throughout the world (Abraham D. Sofaer, David Clark and Whitfield Diffie, 2010). The aim of this paper is to discuss issues of international cooperation options vis-à-vis policy choices about cyber security. It would seek to consider the importance of transitional cooperation on policies of cyber security and their implications.
THREATS TO CYBER SECURITYThere is indeed a positive correlation between increase in new technology and increase in cyber threats. These threats to cyber security includes online identity theft, industrial cyber espionage, critical infrastructure protection and botnets. Malicious parties capitalize on internet insecurity by engaging in online thefts such as stealing money from customer debit cards online. The insecurity of the cyberspace has also resulted in the existence of industrial espionage. Sponsored individuals and to a large extend nations have remotely gained unauthorized access to information from other companies or countries. Closely following this is also the existence of critical infrastructure protection. The insecurity of critical infrastructure has gradually let to the possible disruption of such infrastructure
The Cyber Security and Privacy Act
BIS, Canada
BIS provides the framework for regulating and securing cyberspace. It is the law that regulates and defines cyberspace and controls Internet access, cyber security and privacy, and cyber infrastructure in general.
Cyberspace is defined as a web of information and electronic information in an Internet space, including information (such as email addresses), software and hardware, and services on which that information or material is stored and accessed (e.g., stored in online chat rooms or chat files). Access to such data, services, or technology includes any of a number of types of electronic electronic devices, including electronic devices connected to computer networks, internet protocols, mobile devices such as smartphones, and network services, software, or network protocols, such as mobile and mobile network routers, cellular phones, video game consoles, home computers, printers, and others.
“Information security” means the use of information as its sole means of protection. In fact cyber threats exist in various forms. Such means include, but are not limited to, financial and security fraud, piracy, the creation of classified information, and invasion of privacy. The law also specifically protects the privacy interests of the user.
The Act also includes Cyber Theft Protection Act.
A breach of a cyber security policy or activity in a service or product for which liability is covered under section 12(1) or (2) of this Act or a rule shall be deemed an intrusion of the protected user’s private right of access to and control of information or material owned or controlled by the service or product as a whole.
The Act prohibits the sharing or use of, or use of confidential information or material, without one’s consent. The definition of data protection (defined under subsection 35(7)), as used in the Act by S.C.R. No. 2, has changed: in the definition of the term, it would be treated as a class of personal information which includes, but is not limited to, personal identifiers, including names, addresses, email addresses, location, cell phone numbers, and location services.
Criminal and Anti-Drug Investigations Act
Canadian Human Rights Tribunal
A special offence is defined in Criminal Code 18 for the breach of an anti-drug policy unless the conduct was reasonably related to the prevention of another offence. The Code expressly provides that a breach of any other offence may be punishable by prosecution and the Court’s order is presumed to be accurate. It requires that the offence be committed before the offence is deemed to have occurred, but only if the incident actually took place. The Code also prohibits acts against the victim who is in a position to recover all costs relating to the risk to an actor resulting from the offence.”.
The criminal and anti-drug laws of Canada have varied. In practice, many offences were never tried on first offense, where it became known for the time involved. However, offences such as murder involving a person under 18 in certain provinces, and