Classical Liberalism Vs. Classical Conservatism
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Classical Liberalism vs. Classical Conservatism
In todays society, most people are unable to explain the differences between the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. In fact, the two parties ideologies seem to be very much alike; and therefore, people tend to believe that a Republican candidate and a Democratic candidate running for the same office will not make a large difference from one another. Furthermore, both Democrats, the supposedly liberal party, and Republicans, the supposedly conservative party, have been appointed to the highest office, the President of the United States of America. In most cases, the President has been effective in building notable progress in our nations growth, regardless of the political party that they belong to. Hence, most people believe that the two parties are similar enough that they are practically the same. Upon closer examination into the history of the Democratic and the Republican parties, we are able to determine that the political philosophies from which they originate have completely opposing ideologies.
The ideologies of the Democratic Party originate from the principles of the classical liberalism philosophy. The most dominant idea of classical liberalism is that the governments role is to protect the individuals natural rights because individuals are the primary unit of society (Franks 27). According to John Locke, a philosopher who contributed to classical liberalisms vitality, the protection of individuals “life, liberty, and property” is their natural rights (Jones 227). The ideas of classical liberalism revolves so much around the individual that Locke believes the people had the right to combine into a revolutionary force and organize a new form of government, or a social contract, as they pleased. Because of the importance of the individual, classical liberalism favors immigrants and people of all classes. Ideally, the judgment of people is based on their personal characteristics rather than their group affiliation, minimizing the problem of racism and other forms of bigotry (Franks 28). However, this is a problem with ethnic groups, like American Indians and immigrants, which concerns classical liberals that believe their collectiveness hinders their individual natural rights. Finally, classical liberalism also protects the free marketplace, allowing buyers and sellers to freely circulate ideas in order to achieve the most success (Franks 28). Therefore, the development of capitalism is an important ideology protected by classical liberalism, along with the natural rights of individuals.
On the other hand, the ideologies of the Republican Party originate from the principles of the classical conservatism philosophy. Classical conservatisms underlying idea is to protect and conserve established traditional values in the name of “liberty, equality, and fraternity,” or to reinstate ideal values that are in decline (Franks 28). According to Edmund Burke, who is regarded as the intellectual source of classical conservatism, the preservation of the values of tradition in family and the Church is more sound in forming a government than “reason” (Jones 261). Thus, classical conservatism rules out the idea of empowering people who do not “deserve” power, completely opposing the underlying factor of the individuals natural rights protected by classical liberalism. Moreover, because tradition is highly valued by classical conservatism, revolutions of any kind, a natural right by classical liberalism, are highly condemned. Classical conservatism also hinders the power of lower class people, regardless of ethnicity or race; hence, it thwarts extending democracy to immigrants and people of color (Franks 29). Many of the United States founding fathers feared the consequences of empowering so-called “ordinary” people, due to the belief of the irrationality of the lower class people and that immigrants would undermine the traditional values of the United States of America. Finally, classical conservatism criticized the notion of the free marketplace, which was protected by classical liberalism, because it empowered capitalists who honored greed more than nobility (Franks 29). Thus, capitalism was a condemned by classical conservatives that highly favored the values of tradition.
The ideologies of classical liberalism and classical conservatism are clearly contrasting political philosophies. However, important ideas from both classical liberalism and classical conservatism are apparent in our nations “pseudo-democracy.” This shows that the ideologies of both philosophies can be compromised to maintain an acceptable, although incomplete, form of democracy (Franks 48). The Constitution of the United States of American and the Bill of Rights are examples of the protection of an individuals natural rights assured by classical liberalism. The Supreme Court, the House of Representatives, the Senate, and the President are examples of the protection of traditional values desired by classical conservatism. Together the ideologies are compromised to maintain a nation that offers freedom, democracy, and equality that has been, and will continue to be, fought for.
The Declaration of Independence reflects upon many of the ideologies of classical liberalism and classical conservatism. As a result of the developing need for independence from Great Britain, classical liberalism became wildly popular because it gave a sense of hope to the individuals desire for liberty. Thus, the Declaration of Independence, drawn up in 1776, sought out most of Lockes ideologies and declared that “all men are created equal,” appealing