Chumashrock Art
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Chumash Rock Art
When exploring coastal California there are many sites to see, especially since the coast runs a good deal of the length of North America. This large area that tourists flock to all year was once inhabited by a Native American tribe by the name of the Chumash. While the Chumash were in contact with one another through trade, they were not a tribe in the typical sense of the word. Each town had its own system of government and their own Shamans. These Shamans that were particular to each town would venture into the wind blown caves surrounding the camps and perform secretive work for the sake of the supernatural powers that were thought to govern the lives of the Chumash. One of the pieces of work that the Shamans would produce during the rituals was rock art. Rock art left by the Chumash is veiled in mystery; to this day no one can decode the meanings behind the drawings. However, the art remains popular with the Chumash today. Once a religious sacred secluded ritual for shamans, the rock art has transpired into modern day Chumash culture as icons within the casino. Hidden for so long in caves off the beaten path, the art can now be seen by all in the casino that is saving the culture of the Chumash Indians.
While the rock art of the Chumash are all over coastal to central California, the only example is located that the public is privy to is Painted Cave near Santa Barbara. It is here that the rock art of the Chumash can be viewed in its natural state. Chumash rock art is distinctive due to the shapes and the consistency with the drawings. All Chumash rock art is found in caves far from the towns in remote caves that would not have been used for living quarters. While no method for decoding the art has ever been established, the art itself is easily identified as Chumash due to the style of the paintings. Most of the paintings are of the animals that lived around the towns and things that are seen in nature. Unlike other petroglyphs the Chumash rock art has hard lines, geometric shapes, and appears to have been painted over one another several times. They all have the same theme: geometric forms associated with mental imagery such as grids, stars, dots, and meandering lines or fantastic creatures, birds, and horned anthropomorphs. The inside of the objects are light but are traced by darker pigments around the outside. These rock art paintings of the Chumash do not tell a story and were not used for conveying a message to the public. Since the art is so contrived and jumbled together with no rhyme or reason, it is believed that the art was used during ceremonies performed in secret.
Messages of the rock art may be lost forever but the materials that the Chumash used to create the images are no secret. Rock art of the Chumash was painted onto the cave walls as opposed to being engraved. To accomplish this the Chumash used pigments that came mostly from minerals. Red appears a lot in the art and they found the red pigments from iron oxide called hematite or red ochre. The white pigments came from gypsum or diatomaceous earth. Black was found in charcoal or manganese oxide. Once the Chumash had the pigments they were mixed with a binder of some sort: animal fat, water, or plant juices. After mixing the mineral pigments with the binder the Chumash would use their fingers or a crude paint brush to apply the paint to the cave walls. It is difficult to tell with all certainty which tool was used because the cave painting was extremely secretive.
There are many theories as to why the rock art was created but the main school of thought on who was behind the Chumash rock art is the idea that the shamans created it during rituals. The word shaman is used very broadly with the context of the Chumash culture. To be more specific the rock art was created by a specific group of shamans called the Antap. The Antap were an elite group of people born into their roles in society. Seeing as the Chumash were a nonagricultural group the shamans main job was to be an artist of some form. Some told stories and others painted. A shaman from the Chumash culture would have been a dreamer or vision quest seeker. Within the shaman umbrella there were many jobs and functions but the Antap cult was the highest group and thus had responsibilities to their culture and people. Seeing as the Antap were the religious leaders of the tribes they had three basic jobs. They were in charge of balancing the supernatural, maintaining sacred places, and ensuring the well being of their people. Rock art was included in the maintaining of the sacred places and in order to communicate with the supernatural powers about the well being of their society.
With this connection between the rock art of the Chumash and the Antap cult there does seem to be a function for the pictures that are seen today in the caves. The paintings were painted during secretive rituals and so the true meaning of the art will never be known but at least there is a bridge between the creators and the function of the art. The rock art is not art for the sake of art and it is definitely not a form of graffiti; in the purest form it is an attempt to communicate with the supernatural and solve the problems of their world. Since the art carried so much meaning with the shamans, the message that is conveyed is only known by the creator. If the meaning got out it could mean devastation to the people and to the one who chose to tell.
The rock art of the Chumash does not lend itself to an evaluation or study of the culture of the Chumash. Instead researchers have been using the culture and the documented history of the people in an attempt to discover the meaning of the painted caves. Traditionally throughout history art plays the role of a representation or reaction to the times and events that were taking place, and so it is used to study the culture that created it. Fortunately for researchers, the Chumash were heavily documented before their decline because their rock art tells no story and has no message for the viewer. It is rare to have such a reversal of the roles and the methods historians and anthropologists use to understand a culture. Even though the meaning of the rock art is lost, there is still a world of information that comes from the caves. Art was used to communicate with the supernatural powers and it was the responsibility of a person within the culture. Seeing as someone was chosen to communicate with the supernatural powers the Chumash had a class based social system. While the art does not give any information about gender relations, it does reveal that the Chumash had a complex belief system and a class based society.
This complex society of the Chumash was hindered by the relocation to the Santa Ynez Reservation; which took place on December