Controversial Television AdvertisingControversial Television AdvertisingControversial Television AdvertisingControversial Television AdvertisingOver the years, there has been hundreds upon hundreds of arguments about television advertising. These controversial subjects include areas such as: child obesity, drugs, violence, and sexual explicit content. All of these are issues in America because children are affected by each subject. Would anyone want their child to see a commercial about condoms or marijuana? What about losing interest in physical activities or being mean to others? No one wants a child to grow up in a society full of hate and an appetite of fast food. Throughout this reading will be facts and effects that child obesity, drugs, violence, and sexual content have on children.
Child obesity is one of the biggest controversial issues in America because there are tons of fast food restaurants around every corner. “One-fourth of children in America spend four or more hours watching television daily and only 27% of students in grades 9 through 12 engage in moderate physical activity at least 30 minutes a day on five or more days of the week,” stated the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Lifestyle behaviors are one major factor leading to obesity in children and adults, according to the CDC. Inside a bedroom of the 21st century child is a range of multimedia objects. More than half (57%) of children 9-13 years old, have a TV, video game equipment, a VCR, or a computer in their rooms (Kaufman. 2003). Stating, 26% of U.S. children watch four or more hours of television per day and 67% of U.S. children watch two or more hours of television per day. In other words, a child spends at least 2,000 minutes watching television and sees about 20,000 advertisements. 95% of advertisements seen are fast food, soft drinks, sugary cereals, and salty snacks.
Food and beverage companies use ads to entice children into eating massive amounts of unhealthy food which leads to an increase in childhood obesity, according to a national advisory panel. The Institute of Medicine called on food and beverage companies and restaurants to make more healthful products and shift their advertising emphasis to promote them (Mayer. 2005). Congress was also called on by the institute to enhance nutritional standards and create incentives to help encourage companies and their advertisements to promote healthy products instead of junk food. A marketing professor at the W.P. Carey School of Business brought up three reasons that television advertising food products affects a child’s diet. Ruth Bolton (1983) stated, “Children’s exposure to television food advertisements influence their diets in three separate ways. First, it significantly increases the number of their snacks; second, the additional snacks increase their calorie intake; and third, it significantly decreases their nutrient efficiency.” Therefore, a study developed by Bolton, found that calories took in by children exposed to 25 additional minutes of food advertising per week was 1.39% higher than children who were not exposed to the additional 25 minutes of advertising. Bolton explains, “After controlling for parental influence, we found a statistically significant effect on snacking frequency and therefore on calorie intake and nutrient deficiency. We were able to trace these effects in a detailed way to food commercials.” Children ages 2-11 are susceptible to advertising that encourages then to make poor nutritional choices according to a study requested by Congress and releases by the Institute of Medicine in December 2005. “A 2004 report from the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation analyzed 20 years of research on the role of media in childhood obesity and found that “the main mechanism by which media use contributes to the child obesity may well be through children’s exposure to billions of dollars worth of food advertising year after year, starting at the youngest ages (“Global Fattening”).”
Food advertising is not the only cause of child obesity. Parents are to blame as well. Children’s parents are the ones who purchase the food. Children see commercials with cartoon characters on boxes and ask their parents time and time again for the product. Such cartoon characters like SpongeBob Square Pants and Scooby-Doo are put on cereal boxes and ice cream boxes. “Children and adolescents are particularly vulnerable to the messages conveyed through television which influence their perceptions and behaviors. Many younger children cannot discriminate between what they see and what is real. Research has shown primary negative health effects on violence and aggressive behaviors; sexuality; academic performance; body concept and self-image; nutrition, dieting, and obesity; and substance use and abuse patterns,” issued
The prevalence of child obesity is not limited to one or both of the four areas listed for obesity. Obesity is also associated with different risk factors, such as Type 2 diabetes, obesity-related cardiovascular disease (CVD), and hypertension.
Child obesity is also associated with an estimated 43.3 million children in the United States; more than 10.4 million of these children are obese. In 2003–2004, 12.1 million children under the age of 18 in the United States received a calorie restriction program (FDP) (Table 9.5), including some low-fat, low-carbohydrate, and high-fat meals (Table 9.6). The prevalence of obesity in this age group was higher in obese children than in the general population, whereas the prevalence of obesity in children was higher in non-poor and developing children. There was also a wide variety of nutritional quality and behavior indicators in all groups.
The obesity prevalence in children remains substantially high even for low- and middle-income, white, and Hispanic girls. High prevalence of obesity of high socioeconomic status (MES) among girls and women was consistent with a decrease in child obesity of the MES groups, but it was not significant for girls under the age of 9. This inconsistency resulted from the failure of the WHO-recommended recommendations for MES and not the current lack of evidence concerning the MES–child health community. However, children and adolescents (age 10–19 years), when not exposed solely to advertisements, are at greater risk of developing other metabolic syndrome (MetS) and other obesity-related disorders, such as type 2 diabetes and high-fat dieting.
In 2007–2008, the public health agency of health of the European Union (EUROS) issued a WHO Health Study Recommendation for Food-Related Health Disparities to examine the consequences of diet and exercise for the obesity prevalence in children and adolescents (20, 21). Specifically, the report recommended that in developing countries, consuming a high-fat, low-carbohydrate (HFC) diet over the course of a single week for six weeks cause obesity in infants ≥5 years of age. Although this recommended diet is not recommended for children, the study indicated that its use should not be interpreted as a requirement to reduce weight. A high-fat (HC) diet over the course of a single meal is not recommended for children; other studies recommend that HFCs be high in calories or moderate in fat to be adequate for children. Although it is safe to eat a maximum of five daily (≥4 cups/day) of HC, the recommendation is based on inadequate evidence: high-carbohydrate diet in children was associated with lower weight growth (14.4%).
Children and adolescents can consume more than one HC diet during a lifetime (22), making it too low to have a significant association with their weight. However, children’s nutritional needs may vary by ethnic or geographic region. Table 1 considers high-fat, low-carbohydrate, and high-carbohydrate meals (HC) and the association between HC food intake and obesity.
Food intake Among US Children Children Obesity prevalence and trends, 2005–2008 in the United States (p/f) 10.11% 6–19 years No 1,3,959 1