Pre-Colonial Period (up to 1773)Essay Preview: Pre-Colonial Period (up to 1773)Report this essayThe citizens of the Indus Valley civilisation, a permanent settlement that flourished between 2800 BC and 1800 BC, practiced agriculture, domesticated animals, used uniform weights and measures, made tools and weapons, and traded with other cities. Evidence of well-planned streets, a drainage system and water supply reveals their knowledge of urban planning, which included the worlds first urban sanitation systems and the existence of a form of municipal government.[20]
Estimates of the per capita income of India (1857-1900) as per 1948-49 prices.[35]Indias colonisation by the British created an institutional environment that, on paper, guaranteed property rights among the colonisers, encouraged free trade, and created a single currency with fixed exchange rates, standardised weights and measures and capital markets. It also established a well-developed system of railways and telegraphs, a civil service that aimed to be free from political interference, a common-law and an adversarial legal system.[36] This coincided with major changes in the world economy – industrialisation, and significant growth in production and trade. However, at the end of colonial rule, India inherited an economy that was one of the poorest in the developing world,[37] with industrial development stalled, agriculture unable to feed a rapidly growing population, a largely illiterate and unskilled labour force, and extremely inadequate infrastructure.[38]
This institutionalism of institutionalization, along with the need for a public good and political control over what constitutes an investment and the ability of private-capital to benefit from it, led to a rise in inequality.
Poverty and the economic gap between rich and poor, and thus inequality of opportunity for all, led to a rise in the rate of growth of the Indian economy in the 20th century.[39] More than a quarter of India’s GDP per capita in 2000 was achieved through a sustained expansion of domestic production and industry. India added 1.23 billion people from the labour force in 2002 alone.
The recent growth in GDP over the last five decades is accompanied by an increase in education levels. India’s literacy rate reached a new high of 1.2 per cent in 2015. In 2015, there were approximately 1.9 million students in school, up from 2 million in 2010. Schools are now expected to be a top focus of new growth initiatives.[40]
In the last decade of a century, the Indian economy has grown more than 8% per annum in real terms to reach $3.9 trillion in 2016.[41] By 2040, India will be the world’s largest economy and its GDP will reach $3.8 trillion.[42] India’s economy must be sustainable, reliable and secure before it can support the 21st century economies of a future world class.
India’s Economic System
The economic system of India reflects the way in which it connects the people, industries and different countries. Developing countries such as the U.S., France, China and Japan have different sets of social and economic laws and standards governing their activities or labour forces.
Many people believe that their economies were built on the backs of their own labour market. Many believe that their working conditions (work in different jobs or without pay as well as job security) made them successful. Some believe that the work of the labourers (as well as the exploitation of them by the government) made them poor.[43] To the extent that their labour force is organised to earn money, those working below minimum wage tend not to do so.
Some people believe that the conditions that allow the government to regulate the activities of labour force, including the social security of workers[44] and their social protection laws, make them poor. These people believe society is so rigged that they will not have access to the means to achieve the level of decent living that the rest of society expects.
While no longer a majority, much less an absolute majority but a small minority, many people hold beliefs, ideas and culture which are contradictory to the wishes of others: they believe that one should strive for good and justice of all the races, religions and creeds of mankind, and that society should strive to fulfil its mission under such conditions.
The way in which people’s views of human dignity are expressed &/or challenged is reflected in how they feel about the political system of their country. The way in which people’s attitudes toward politics are challenged &/or supported are reflected is reflected in how their ideas of what human dignity consists in are shaped negatively after that in.
We have seen in the past that the very way in which politicians, media and government implement policies can have a negative impact on the lives of ordinary people and not a beneficial one on the wellbeing of society. Governments, which have power to restrict freedom to the means and activities of their citizens, are able to push the boundaries of who, what and what not should be allowed to run the government and its policies in the interest of the society that sustains it.
This is evident from an example of what is termed authoritarian democracy where, over the last two decades, there has been tremendous movement to undermine the democratic democratic process and the rights of citizens to protest, participate in the democratic process,
This institutionalism of institutionalization, along with the need for a public good and political control over what constitutes an investment and the ability of private-capital to benefit from it, led to a rise in inequality.
Poverty and the economic gap between rich and poor, and thus inequality of opportunity for all, led to a rise in the rate of growth of the Indian economy in the 20th century.[39] More than a quarter of India’s GDP per capita in 2000 was achieved through a sustained expansion of domestic production and industry. India added 1.23 billion people from the labour force in 2002 alone.
The recent growth in GDP over the last five decades is accompanied by an increase in education levels. India’s literacy rate reached a new high of 1.2 per cent in 2015. In 2015, there were approximately 1.9 million students in school, up from 2 million in 2010. Schools are now expected to be a top focus of new growth initiatives.[40]
In the last decade of a century, the Indian economy has grown more than 8% per annum in real terms to reach $3.9 trillion in 2016.[41] By 2040, India will be the world’s largest economy and its GDP will reach $3.8 trillion.[42] India’s economy must be sustainable, reliable and secure before it can support the 21st century economies of a future world class.
India’s Economic System
The economic system of India reflects the way in which it connects the people, industries and different countries. Developing countries such as the U.S., France, China and Japan have different sets of social and economic laws and standards governing their activities or labour forces.
Many people believe that their economies were built on the backs of their own labour market. Many believe that their working conditions (work in different jobs or without pay as well as job security) made them successful. Some believe that the work of the labourers (as well as the exploitation of them by the government) made them poor.[43] To the extent that their labour force is organised to earn money, those working below minimum wage tend not to do so.
Some people believe that the conditions that allow the government to regulate the activities of labour force, including the social security of workers[44] and their social protection laws, make them poor. These people believe society is so rigged that they will not have access to the means to achieve the level of decent living that the rest of society expects.
While no longer a majority, much less an absolute majority but a small minority, many people hold beliefs, ideas and culture which are contradictory to the wishes of others: they believe that one should strive for good and justice of all the races, religions and creeds of mankind, and that society should strive to fulfil its mission under such conditions.
The way in which people’s views of human dignity are expressed &/or challenged is reflected in how they feel about the political system of their country. The way in which people’s attitudes toward politics are challenged &/or supported are reflected is reflected in how their ideas of what human dignity consists in are shaped negatively after that in.
We have seen in the past that the very way in which politicians, media and government implement policies can have a negative impact on the lives of ordinary people and not a beneficial one on the wellbeing of society. Governments, which have power to restrict freedom to the means and activities of their citizens, are able to push the boundaries of who, what and what not should be allowed to run the government and its policies in the interest of the society that sustains it.
This is evident from an example of what is termed authoritarian democracy where, over the last two decades, there has been tremendous movement to undermine the democratic democratic process and the rights of citizens to protest, participate in the democratic process,
This institutionalism of institutionalization, along with the need for a public good and political control over what constitutes an investment and the ability of private-capital to benefit from it, led to a rise in inequality.
Poverty and the economic gap between rich and poor, and thus inequality of opportunity for all, led to a rise in the rate of growth of the Indian economy in the 20th century.[39] More than a quarter of India’s GDP per capita in 2000 was achieved through a sustained expansion of domestic production and industry. India added 1.23 billion people from the labour force in 2002 alone.
The recent growth in GDP over the last five decades is accompanied by an increase in education levels. India’s literacy rate reached a new high of 1.2 per cent in 2015. In 2015, there were approximately 1.9 million students in school, up from 2 million in 2010. Schools are now expected to be a top focus of new growth initiatives.[40]
In the last decade of a century, the Indian economy has grown more than 8% per annum in real terms to reach $3.9 trillion in 2016.[41] By 2040, India will be the world’s largest economy and its GDP will reach $3.8 trillion.[42] India’s economy must be sustainable, reliable and secure before it can support the 21st century economies of a future world class.
India’s Economic System
The economic system of India reflects the way in which it connects the people, industries and different countries. Developing countries such as the U.S., France, China and Japan have different sets of social and economic laws and standards governing their activities or labour forces.
Many people believe that their economies were built on the backs of their own labour market. Many believe that their working conditions (work in different jobs or without pay as well as job security) made them successful. Some believe that the work of the labourers (as well as the exploitation of them by the government) made them poor.[43] To the extent that their labour force is organised to earn money, those working below minimum wage tend not to do so.
Some people believe that the conditions that allow the government to regulate the activities of labour force, including the social security of workers[44] and their social protection laws, make them poor. These people believe society is so rigged that they will not have access to the means to achieve the level of decent living that the rest of society expects.
While no longer a majority, much less an absolute majority but a small minority, many people hold beliefs, ideas and culture which are contradictory to the wishes of others: they believe that one should strive for good and justice of all the races, religions and creeds of mankind, and that society should strive to fulfil its mission under such conditions.
The way in which people’s views of human dignity are expressed &/or challenged is reflected in how they feel about the political system of their country. The way in which people’s attitudes toward politics are challenged &/or supported are reflected is reflected in how their ideas of what human dignity consists in are shaped negatively after that in.
We have seen in the past that the very way in which politicians, media and government implement policies can have a negative impact on the lives of ordinary people and not a beneficial one on the wellbeing of society. Governments, which have power to restrict freedom to the means and activities of their citizens, are able to push the boundaries of who, what and what not should be allowed to run the government and its policies in the interest of the society that sustains it.
This is evident from an example of what is termed authoritarian democracy where, over the last two decades, there has been tremendous movement to undermine the democratic democratic process and the rights of citizens to protest, participate in the democratic process,
The 1872 census revealed that 91.3% of the population of the region constituting present-day India resided in villages,[39] and urbanisation generally remained sluggish until the 1920s, due to the lack of industrialisation and absence of adequate transportation. Subsequently, the policy of discriminating protection (where certain important industries were given financial protection by the state), coupled with the Second World War, saw the development and dispersal of industries, encouraging rural-urban migration, and in particular the large port cities of Bombay, Calcutta and Madras grew rapidly. Despite this, only one-sixth of Indias population lived in cities by 1951.[40]
The impact of the British rule on Indias economy is a controversial topic. Leaders of the Indian independence movement and left-wing people who opposed Indias independence movementeconomic historians have blamed colonial rule for the dismal state of Indias economy in its aftermath and argued that financial strength required for industrial development in Europe was derived from the wealth taken from colonies in Asia and Africa. At the same time, right-wing historians have countered that Indias low economic performance was due to various sectors being in a state of growth and decline due to changes brought in by colonialism and a world that was moving towards industrialisation and economic integration