KashmirOn August 14 1947 British India partitioned into Pakistan and India. Several hundreds of “princely states” were asked if they wanted to join Pakistan or India. Pakistan demands Kashmir to accede it but the Kashmir leader did not make a choice. It has 3 major ethnic regions, the northwest, which is mostly Buddhist, Kashmir valley, which is mostly Muslim, and the south, which is also mostly Muslim. The tribesman from Pakistan invaded Kashmir with the support of the Pakistani government. The government of Kashmir freaked out and asked India to help. India said in order for them to help, Kashmir has to accede with India. After, India sent forces to block the invasion. Kashmir is now divided into two parts, one by Pakistan, and the other by India.
The Kashmiri state also says the Islamic state of Islam wants to return to Pakistan by force if all Kashmiris agree to the partition. An unspoken message from Pakistan is that India will not accept India entering the other lands, although they are not willing to accept India getting a hand out over Kashmir. Also, the Kashmiri state does not like to see anyone who is non-Muslim going to India – Pakistan’s leader Khurram Singh told Indian media that anyone who is not Muslim may leave, leaving Pakistan in charge. He also said not giving the partition orders would lead to a clash. It was believed that a number of states will become partition states on the basis of the partition and there was an agreement between them on the partition and leaving the other lands.
Kashmir now has one of the most prominent Muslim separatist states in the world. The majority-Muslim state and neighboring states, including Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan, say Pakistan and India are playing an ‘outdoor war’ for control of Kashmir and that these sides are making a big push in order to prevent India from joining the state. Pakistan has said India must come back to India, making them a major player. When one party accused Pakistan of playing a ‘outdoor wars’, India says Pakistan can no longer be blamed. However, in Pakistan’s view, it is not about Kashmir.
Some analysts have said that Pakistan is planning to attack India in one way or another until this is achieved due to terrorism, in the hopes that the country can survive without help from any of the other countries.
Kashmir has a long history of fighting against Islam during the Arab Awakening period. The first time there was an effort in Kashmir was in the late 1960s and the Pakistani forces had attacked several Muslim districts. At the time, there was strong resistance from Kashmiris and some Muslims. During the Arab Awakening period there were also an important political alliances between both groups. To make matters worse, Pakistan’s main support source for all Kashmiris was in the Gulf states. Although there was strong support from Gulf states such as Bahrain and Qatar for Kashmir, they were not able to carry it out. It was against this kind of support from the Gulf that Kashmir began an insurgency. In an area where India is not a strong base and support is poor, there was an attempt for secession of Pakistan from Kashmir in 1970. It went nowhere. In an attempt to make matters worse, the only support the Kashmiris had for Kashmir was from Gulf states which was limited by India on the Kashmir issue. India’s relationship with these Gulf States was weak. Pakistan and Kashmir were at odds and Pakistan turned into a military coalition and withdrew from the region by 1990. It became a hot topic in the Indian sphere of opinion. Kashmir was considered a separatist state and Pakistan turned into a military presence.
India was the second most powerful influence on Kashmir since the 1950s.
Indian and Pakistani forces thus fought their first war over Kashmir in 1947-48. India referred the dispute to the United Nations on 1 January. In a resolution dated August 13, 1948, the UN asked Pakistan to remove its troops, after which India was also to withdraw the bulk of its forces. After this happened “free and fair” happened which allowed Kashmir to decide there on future. Since India took the conflict to the UN they were confident that Kashmir would choose to be on their side. An emergency government was formed on October 30, 1948 with Sheikh Abdullah as the Prime Minister. Pakistan ignored the mandate and continued to fight. It held a part of Kashmir under its control. On January 1, 1949, a ceasefire was agreed, with 65 per cent of the territory under Indian control and the remainder with Pakistan.
The 1947-48 struggle over Kashmir was part of a process of national unity that was later to see conflict in India and Pakistan culminating in the partition of India into what turned out to be an independent state led by a handful of British occupiers. This process was described in a 1948 report by the British ambassador to the UN, Jonathan Cook, who said that “the Indian government had decided to recognise the partition settlement of Kashmir under the New Delhi Government.” This “consensus” was “taken on board by the Jammu and Kashmir government without the consent of the various parties.” To understand how the process worked see this report (by a British diplomat) from August 4, 1947, published in the London Review: “This process, being the clearest evidence yet that the British Government had taken the side of the Jammu and Kashmir government and were not opposed to the partition it held in India, took the form of an armistice agreement, which was signed in the name of the State of the Jammu and Kashmir as a temporary security agreement on a temporary basis, or a temporary border. Each party, after the partition agreement was signed, agreed that all of the territory in the occupied Indian territory would be ceded to the Indian Government or, if it got its quota, the new states would split within the British Mandate and not play at the British level.” The partition process was supposed to serve to cement a British control over the West Bank after the Six Day War when British soldiers began taking the occupation of the territories. It also played a central role in supporting the establishment of the Jewish State that eventually culminated in the Six Day War when a number of Jewish states emerged from the West Bank. The two major Jewish states of Israel and Palestine were eventually partitioned from each other when the Mandate was finally signed. In February 1951, by the end of his mandate, General Rana Haq wrote (In Particulist History III, edited by William D. Lefebvre, London: Houghton Mifflin and Sons, 1989), that “[e]ach one of the three principal states of Palestine was in charge of the settlement of the borders and as a result of this, the British Army would be able to take the region north and south of Palestine to the other two or three states as they pleased…” (The British Army 1939-1989, in p. 12). Haq’s report was also cited by General William F. Churchill on his visit to Germany in June 1948 to argue for a British partition and the establishment of a Palestinian homeland. At the start of 1949, in December of that year, General Sir Paul Bremerton, commander of the British Army, wrote to Churchill “that the Government of the British Government had agreed, in the name of the State of Palestine as agreed, to the formation of a State of Palestine or, better properly, a State of Palestine. These were not the terms of reference of the Peace Treaty; they were clearly intended to be used by the Government of the UK as the actual wording is believed to indicate it. . . .” (The British Army 1939-1989, in p. 12). At that time, the US embassy in Nairobi explained in an email dated October 14,
In 1957, Kashmir was formally incorporated into the Indian Union. It was granted a special status under Article 370 of Indias constitution, which ensures, among other things, that non-Kashmiri Indians cannot buy property there. Fighting broke out again in 1965, but a ceasefire was established that September. Indian Prime Minister, Lal Bhadur Shastri, and Pakistani President, M Ayub Khan,