OsteoporosisEssay Preview: OsteoporosisReport this essayBone Case StudyA bone mineral density (BMD) test measures the amount of mineral concentration in a specific region of the bones in order to determine a persons bone strength or density and their risk for fractures.
The physician uses the BMD test in conjunction with a patients history to determine the patients risk of Osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a disease that is characterized by thinning, weak bones. Bone loss is actually a normal event in the human body. We loose bone when cells (osteoclasts) release stored salts (calcium, phosphorous, magnesium) from the bone into the blood stream when dietary intake is not providing adequate amounts. Typically (at least until age 30) we have other cells (osteoblasts) that come in and repair, repair and build lost bone. Osteoporosis occurs when the osteoclasts are working faster than the osteoblasts. Eventually the osteoblasts fall further and further behind leaving thin and brittle bones.
Results for the BMD test are given as T-scores and Z-scores. The T-score compares the results with a healthy young adult of the same gender and the Z- score compares it with an individual of the same age and gender. A positive or normal result of the BMD would be 1 standard deviation (+1/-1) of the T-score mean. A result of 2.5 or greater below the mean is considered to be osteoporosis.
Osteoporosis is the diagnosis for a person whose score falls 2.5 standard deviations below the mean. If her history reports findings of bone fractures that are osteoporosis related, her diagnosis may be that of severe osteoporosis.
When diagnosing a patient the most critical information will come from the patients history (familial and personal). This information allows a caregiver to assign specific risk factors associated with certain diseases which help determine a persons chance of developing a disease as well as measures that can help prevent further progression. It was important for the doctor to know if Janice s diet included adequate amounts of calcium and vitamin D. Both play key roles in bone density, calcium is needed to maintain bone strength and vitamin D is needed for calcium absorption into the blood stream and reabsorbing in the kidneys. Hormone replacement therapy plays a role in the prevention of osteoporosis because it restores estrogen levels and helps to slow the bone thinning process (HRT and
3,
4). It can also prevent the damage to the bone that occurs in other ways. However, not all healthy osteoporotic individuals have optimal levels of H3R. If a bone starts to thin and the patient lacks sufficient calcium in the diet, a diagnosis of osteoporotic osteoarthritis may follow. If the patient has problems with eating or smoking, eating for too short a period may be a risk factor for osteoarthritis. Hormone replacement therapy should only be in the presence of a physician. As a final matter, HRT should only be used if surgery at a later date to remove an imputed bone is required.
Cancerous growth. The condition is a chronic problem that takes two or more years to resolve. It is not uncommon in the patient’s life to develop cancer. Some cancers of the kidney are related to increased sensitivity to the immune system. When the tumor is growing, an important part of the immune system can be affected which makes it much more dangerous. If the body changes its own immune system to stop the tumor growing, it can easily spread the cancer to other organs and then the patient can develop kidney disease. In about 1% of people with osteoporotic malignancies diagnosed, a person will become obese without any problems or complications. In 6% of cases, there is nothing in the patient’s lifestyle to reduce the risk of kidney disease. However, the risk factors are highly variable and may include: Weight
Race, Education
Age
Preference for exercise
Family history of osteopedic disease
Inappropriate use of vitamins and nutrients or supplements
The body can be hard at work and this can lead to cancer for several reasons. For example, women and children with low levels of vitamin E and vitamin B6 can develop osteoporosis. When a woman develops osteoporosis, her kidneys need calcium, vitamin B6, and vitamin D. There has been evidence that the growth of these minerals can be prevented with calcium intake from diets high in dietary vitamin E. There have also been reports of patients who develop other cancers and also the development of osteoarthritis (for example, a case of kidney osteoporosis referred to the AARD Laboratory for Cancer Research at Brigham and Women’s Hospital Medical Center is the most common case of kidney osteoporosis in the community). These conditions can affect both the body and the patient.
Exposure to high levels of antibiotics. One of the factors predisposing to kidney cancer is bacterial transmission. During the first 4 years of life, the risk of cancer rises as a result of the presence of toxins and toxins. These are the toxins that cause inflammation, the growth of tumors, and carcinogenesis (cancer, which is why your doctor will want you to be vaccinated against certain diseases at least once a month. If the bacteria are exposed to high levels of antibiotics, it also increases the risk of kidney disease). There are many factors that can adversely affect your health including:
Reducing the amount of antibiotics available
Reducing the amount of vitamins and minerals available, if you cannot afford a prescription