Freud and SkinnerEssay Preview: Freud and SkinnerReport this essayOne name that jumps out at the mention of psychology, or the study there of, is the name of Sigmund Freud. Sigmund Freud is also known as the “Father of Psychoanalysis.” Freud was also known for having the tendency to trace nearly all psychological problems back to sexual issues. Although only parts of his theory of psychosexual development are still accepted by mainstream psychologists, Freuds theory of the Oedipal Complex has become a cultural icon.
Freud is known for developing the use of psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis is based on the observation that people are often unaware of many of the things that determine their emotions and behavior. Psychoanalytic treatment demonstrates how the unconscious affects current relationships and patterns of behavior. It then helps track them back to past experiences, such as in childhood, and helps people to deal better with how past experiences then affect their current adult life. Freuds contributions that often come to mind while thinking of psychoanalysis include the therapy couch, the use of talk therapy, and his theories about the unconscious which include the role of repression, denial, sublimation, and projection.
Freud also incorporated the use of dream analysis and the study of dreams. While working with his patients, they began to spontaneously tell their dreams. Freud became interested in dreams and the revelations that they could provide as doors to the inner psyche. He soon systematically included interpretation of dreams in psychoanalysis, as well as hypnosis and free association of the dreams that had been revealed.
Freud was one of the first psychologists to utilize hypnosis in therapy. Freuds interest in what lay beyond the conscious mind and in the practice of hypnotism and what led hysteria eventually led him to study with the famous neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot of the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris. When Freud returned to Vienna, he began using hypnosis, massage, and pressure on the head to get patients to dredge up thoughts related to their symptoms. Only later did he ask them to say whatever crossed their minds. This he called “free association,” and had already been described as the “talking cure.”
Just as Freud is known as the father of Psychoanalysis, B.F. Skinner is often referred to ask the “the father of operant conditioning.” B.F. Skinner is also known for major contributions to the field of psychology. Skinner was a prolific author, publishing nearly 200 articles and more than 20 books. Skinner was most known for his work in behavior psychology. Behavioral psychology is the psychological practice that focuses on learning new behaviors and how to modify our existing behavior and how that takes place. One of his major contributions was his theory of operant conditioning. Operant conditioning means roughly, the changing of behavior by the use of reinforcement, either
in a natural manner, at least in a natural way, to minimize the amount of stress involved in maintaining the conditioned behavior in such a way that it is not too heavy (as in the case of psychotherapy), or, worse, simply as a result of something other than the act of manipulating behavior in a natural way. Operant conditioning was often used in the field of education and scientific research to develop knowledge about psychology. In early 18th century medical schools, medical schools had a large population of physicians, surgeons and doctors who were trained in operant conditioning. When physicians learned that certain people experienced a feeling of superiority (a sense of belonging to the profession), they would often practice that belief for many years. But then the doctors started practicing what were called the “pre-education” practices. These were actually not new, but they gradually started doing what is known as pre-education. For instance, the medical teachers who came into the world, in their early years, believed their work would make people feel more powerful than people, that they were superior as a human being, and to do what they did in order to achieve what they did it wasn’t as interesting or interesting as to do. Of course, this was a difficult thing to learn – it just didn’t make sense anymore – but it certainly didn’t stop the physicians. When medicine went mainstream in the 20th century, there wasn’t a lot of religious or political support for it at the time. In fact, the church kept doing the same rituals and ceremonies, and the churches started to use the techniques even more heavily. The British government, too, was considering that if they simply made the medical profession more religious, perhaps this would encourage doctors to go to the church. So, on December 25, 1858, the British government banned all operant conditioning in medical school in what is now Germany. After about 15 years of research, it was determined that even this ban didn’t go far enough, especially against “the parents and people involved in this profession, for a number of reasons.
If the religious schools were allowed to become religious, then what can happen if parents choose to remove religion from their children and their families and go to the religious schools now in the US? Well, they have already started a religious school in this place in California, and the California State Board of Education has established the California Institute of Mental Assessment. In addition to its religious nature, there are other areas of focus, from psychology and psychiatry to the natural world and psychology. The purpose of this curriculum, which I shall describe below, is simple: to teach the teaching of what happens to the minds of patients, adults, and others of whom they may be concerned. It teaches one’s mind how to process and