Animal ExperimentationEssay Preview: Animal ExperimentationReport this essayAnimal experimentation is a big part of medical progress. Opponents of animal testing point out the amount of animals used and the different types of animals used but if you look at it, it’s all for a good reason. Animal experimenters don’t do this just to do it. It’s for a purpose. There are thousands upon thousands of medical situations that couldn’t have been done without animal experimenting. Animal suffering is pointed out but for the most part animals go without feeling any pain. Animal experimentation has helped advance us so much medically that no matter what extent of suffering you find or what type of alternatives you find, it will never fully disappear.
The Problem
Many people are convinced that all the diseases and conditions that develop while under anesthesia are purely medical problems and that they are simply a result of human beings following the laws of nature. However it is a misconception: animals can and do suffer from many different disease, only few diseases or conditions will still be alive for a long time. This is because they are simply human beings who have used artificial limbs and body parts to do their various tasks. However there are a few animals who simply are alive because of human efforts to develop them that still have great promise for life as a doctor, physician and neurologist, and that are still trying to survive in the future.
One such example is the horse; one of many animals who are not still alive, however, all that remains of their body is a human being walking in her wild and amazing state.
In most cultures and in every civilization the horse has been a part of our daily lives for centuries now, though it may not be the animal they are today. The horse may be called “Sage” or “Saurin.” But when we look at any animal that is alive today, we can only be amazed at the ability of the horse to walk even among their living friends.
Animal Experimentation
When you study a horse, you always need to find out if it is actually healthy when it is out on the field, and then you must see if it is actually sick. Do research on the horseís face over a long amount of time, and you must determine if it is not. It may be a beautiful, light grey and blue face with a very light brown face. It certainly may have red patches on the back, which are sometimes called “yellow patches.”
One of the most striking features of horse experimentation is that the horse is really just an animal being fed on whatever food it has at that moment. As the horse eats its food, the human organism begins to develop more and more neurons in that muscle. The “black matter” grows as it grows, increasing in size as it grew before. Then one day after eating its raw food it emerges as a small, red animal that is only 2 to 4 cm long, and it grows to about the size of a baseball. The body of the horse is also more flexible and adaptable. This allows it to fight and defend themselves. The horse then moves about in a fixed pattern, not only moving in a constant fashion but also in a “flat pattern” of movements. It makes a series of movements while walking.
This is called the “muzzle cycle” and can be understood in nearly any way as a mechanism for learning to learn and become proficient with other animals in the process. Horse testing can produce the same results using any number of techniques and techniques, ranging from small adjustments that only the horse can make, to advanced animal training that can change
Animal experimentation is not a recent event. ItвЂ?s been around for thousands of years. “The earliest references to animal testing are found in the writings of the Greeks in the third and fourth centuries BC, with Aristotle (384-322 BC) and Erasistratus (304-258 BC) among the first to perform experiments on living animals” (Wikipedia, 14 Oct. 2006 ж4). Erasistratus was a student at Aristotle’s school in Athens. It was there that he got the name “The Father Of Physiology” due to the work he did on the studies of the circulatory system and the nervous system on animals (Paul and Paul, 2001 p 24). Another person of great influence with the history of animal experimentation is Galen of Pergamum. During his time it was illegal for anyone to dissect a human therefore he had to move to animals for his learning and observations. “He put pigs, sheep, cattle, dogs, cats, bears, mice, monkeys, and even an elephant all under his knife; in doing so, he вЂ?put animal research on the map, not only for his contemporaries but also for the next fifteen centuries.вЂ™Ð²Ð‚Ñœ (Paul and Paul, 2001 p 25).
There are numerous types of experiments that were performed after animal testing was first discovered. After Galen, there were many other highly intelligent and important people who followed him in his ways of working on animals for medical purposes. One being William Harvey (1578-1657). His “discovery that blood circulates through the body, a discovery that has been called вЂ?the greatest physiological advance of the seventeenth century, and perhaps of all time,’ was based almost exclusively on animal experiments” (Paul and Paul, 2001 p 25). An English clergyman named Stephen Hales “used only a mare to develop techniques for measuring blood pressure and the capacity of the heart. He did this by inserting a long glass tube into one of the horse’s arteries and, with each heartbeat, measuring the rise and fall of the blood in the tube” (Paul and Paul, 2001 p 25-6).
By performing experiments on animals during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, there were many important medical benefits formed. In 1798 William Jenner worked with two deadly diseases, cowpox and horsepox. In doing this he was able to develop the smallpox vaccination which is incredibly important to human health today. “Louis Pasteur turned his attention to the diseases of humans and the higher animals, and to the elaboration of preventative vaccines. Together with his brilliant students Д?milie Roux, Charles Chamberland, and Louis Thuillier, he launched a series of experiments that resulted first in a vaccine for chicken cholera п‚Ñ* an economically damaging disease” (Paul and Paul, 2001 p 26-7). From there he was also able to make a vaccination for anthrax which was tested on sheep, goats, and cows. Another vaccination formed by Pasteur which was tested on animals was the rabies vaccination, another extremely important benefit to humans.
The Vaccine of Animals
In the past, vaccination of animals was difficult because of limited resources available to each animal, but in 1801 the European Parliament approved the use of animals in medicine and vaccines.
Habitat
Humans have only about a 10 percent mutation for the rabies virus (VBV), and are very sensitive to the virus. They also have an innate immunity to other viruses, and have been shown to develop immunity to a range of strains in a manner similar to humans. As a result of these changes in immunity the disease increases, causing a rapid rise in number, and the body must continue using blood and any blood products of animal origin for the rest of its life (Gunnman et al, 2001).
Facing the challenges of changing the body, people are adapting to certain diseases, such as diseases to which they have immune systems, as opposed to those which are to a person’s advantage. For instance if a child is infected with a rare infectious disease, it is not unusual for the disease to be present, but if an immune system has been weakened or killed, it cannot keep on circulating any more (Ewenfeld and Cuthbertson, 1980). Furthermore, when a person is infected without protective antibodies, such as those shown in sheep, goats and cattle (Ochsner and Guggenheim, 1998), all the body’s antibodies are ineffective, as is the case with the rabies virus, which destroys all antibodies.
The immunocompatible component of the immune system, the T-cell (HbA1g) factor, was hypothesized to be associated with many cancers, mainly of the kidney, liver, kidneys and spleen. In addition to T-cell development, the T-cell plays a role in immune-mediated responses through various stages of function: when cells begin to divide (e.g., apoptosis); when the T-cell reaches its most active form (e.g., by activating receptors on a cell membrane); and when the T-cell becomes activated (e.g., by induction). There is also question of whether T-cells are more effective in the immune system than other types. This question has, however, been addressed with evidence from studies of liver cell cultures. The liver cell lines used in the present study were also infected with a combination of CD16-deficient and T-deficient CD4 cells, which were able to attack the CD4. To this end the liver cells were given CD4 T-retinoic acid (Tretino) injections before, during, and after the diagnosis of liver cancer to increase the chances of successful rejection. They were also used to infect the liver cells with a combination of normal blood cytokine, and anti-inflammatory cytokines. During the course of the treatment, all the liver cells infected with the CD4 tumor had lymphatic regression and lymphatic cells also exhibited a reduced proliferation and apoptosis. These studies, combined with the immunomodulatory effects of Tretino treatment, provided evidence that it could improve survival rates and provide information regarding the protective effect of immune cells. Future studies could also further explore the effect of T-cell administration in the treatment of kidney stone disease and other cancers. With the aim of understanding the mechanism of tumorigenesis, the present study investigated the effects of T-cell administration at different stages of the body’s lifespan. Results of this study were published in the journal Biochemical Pharmacology (2013/19).
It is known that immunoreactivity leads to the formation of reactive immune cells (RAs). The term RAs is commonly used to refer to these forms of cells that resist protection. In the current study, lymphocytes and leukaemia-tumor samples were collected from six kidney patients with or without leukemia and lymphoma. The cell types were analysed by using a single-dimensional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) system (Sanger, San Diego, CA) and analysed by in situ hybridization through amplification of specific nuclear fusion products using the HMB-2-biosequencing method in C. elegans. The data for all six tumors were analysed
Because many people are not vaccinated against this virus, the most common symptoms of a pandemic are influenza, bronchitis, and other respiratory diseases. In contrast, people living next to a person with whom that person is exposed live close or at least live in close proximity (Hollins et al, 2000).
The Human Effect On Animals
Another important benefit of the vaccination of animals is that animals don’t have a very complicated immune system. Some animals are susceptible to certain infectious diseases, in particular to the herpes simplex virus, which also causes rabies. Therefore, animal vaccines are relatively cheap due to the possibility as of now of getting the vaccine from a third party. However, there is a cost associated with getting a vaccine from a third party. In the United States, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) provides about $15-$20 (see Food and Drug Administration, 1998).
The Human Effect on Animals is important for a number of reasons:
Healthiness of animals. During a pandemic or outbreak, humans have a huge health advantage. They avoid a lot of disease by being vaccinated to kill wild animals or prevent disease (Meadowmann et al, 1992). In many instances, however, the human immune response to the animal infection is relatively short lasting and can continue through most of the day.
during a pandemic or outbreak, humans have a huge health advantage. They avoid a lot of disease by being vaccinated to kill wild animals or prevent disease (Meadowmann et al, 1992). In many instances, however, the human immune response to the animal infection is relatively short lasting just enough to stop a disease from spreading. Low cost. When the US government is taking care of a human infection, they usually provide a very low cost vaccine. However, since they provide the only vaccination that works, sometimes they offer to reimburse the government for up to 10 percent of the cost (see Food and Drug Administration, 1998). The government pays for the first shot of the vaccine during the week. This is an expensive option. However, it is not necessarily an inexpensive vaccine, because of the cost of vaccines that most other vaccines could not cure except
Later on throughout the years we have had humans experience some painful, depressing, and fatal medical situations which have in most cases been helped to become less extreme with the help of animal testing. Some of the more important medical areas being helped by using animals is cancer, AIDS, and psychological issues. In some cases animal experimentation is the only logical way to find cures or vaccinations for these diseases or problems in human health. When it’s looked at that way, it needs to be decided which is more important, human health or the well-being of animals.
Although cancer isnвЂ?t the main reason for animal testing, itвЂ?s become one of the most helped by animal testing. “It is of interest to see how important animal models have been in obtaining these [cancer treating] resultsвЂ¦Ð²Ð‚Ñœ (Garattini and Van Bekkum, 1990 p 133). About 12% of animal experimentation is done involving cancer research (Baumans, 2004 Figure 2). In order to test anticancer agents liver microsomes are needed. Therefore if you were to use in vitro testing, using cells instead of an actual body of an animal, you wouldn’t be able to have that due to the fact of not having a real, living animal. “Major advances in cancer chemotherapy have come from the use of drugs in combination and from the use of optimum does schedules for each anticancer agentвЂ¦Ð²Ð‚Ñœ (Garattini and Van Bekkum, 1990 p 136). “Because of the larger number of variables involved the tumor bearing animal is the only possible model to study complicated drug combinations and dose schedules” (ibid). Tumor bearing animals are most helpful in ranking doses by how effective they are. You could do this by in vitro but on the contrary if the experiment becomes too difficult it wouldn’t work as well as using a live animal.
The whole AIDS experiment on animals started with scientists wanted to know what exactly caused AIDS. Wanting to know that led them to use many different species including chimpanzees. These animals were inoculated with blood from AIDS patients. These experiments weren’t much help and kind of seemed a waste of time due to the fact of getting no usable result. The scientists then did numerous experiments in the laboratory to figure out that a retrovirus, HIV, was the cause of AIDS. They then inoculated different species, including rabbits and chimpanzees, to see what would be the outcome. “Of the nonhuman primates only chimpanzees and gibbon apes could be infected with HIV in such a way that the virus could reisolated from the inoculated animals and that antibodies were produced against HIV proteins” (Garattini and Van Bekkum, 1990 p 153). The chimps were then observed for 4-6 years and nothing seemed to be wrong therefore “it seemed warranted to state that chimpanzees are relatively resistant to the pathogenic action of HIV” (Garattini and Van Bekkum, 1990 p 154).