European HistoryEssay Preview: European HistoryReport this essay“We cannot understand war without understanding culture”“Involvement in two world wars and the Cold War transformed America into a “crusader state” convinced of the superiority of its institutions and way of life and intent on imposing them on the outside world. ” Whether fought at home or abroad every war is to impact all parties involved. Such example of staggering influence on one country’s culture is no more evident then in America’s involvement in the Vietnam War. Upon entering the war the USA’s government was convinced and assured the public of its confidence in very quick and consequences free resolution to their problem on the other side of the world. However, what it failed to predict which later was to prove crucial was the blowback that the war would have on the nation itself. The extent to which a superpower can be influenced by a smaller struggling and weapon lacking society has never been more evident and recorded than in America-Vietnamese case. The American culture has been shaken to its core. The following piece however aims to analyze and simplify those reasons due to which scars amongst society are being healed even now so many years since the war ended.
Twenty five years have passed since the United States officially relinquished their involvement in Vietnam. Not since the Civil war had the country been so divided. Every American family was impacted, losing husbands, sons and daughters. Over fifty thousand Americans were killed and many more of those who returned suffered and still suffer deep physical and emotional scars . Many more veterans took their own lives, were treated as social outcasts or ended up on America’s streets among the homeless. The Vietnam conflict was a war whose origins many did not understand and that left a nation questioning the policies of a government they’d always trusted.
However, it wasn’t until Johnson began his massive bombing campaign against North Vietnam in 1965 that the Antiwar Movement actually found its roots . Words like “counter culture” and “pacification” were added to the American vocabulary. It was the beginning of the hippie generation, the sexual revolution and the drug culture. The country’s youth began demanding answers to America’s high profile presence in Vietnam. They wanted to know why peace talks were organized and continually failed. They wanted to know what they were fighting for. Extensive media coverage brought the violent and bloody guerrilla war home each night to every American living room. People realized that the glowing reviews of the war effort their government had been releasing were sanitized and far from the truth. Once the draft was introduced young people on college and university campuses all around the country began to organize protests against the war. Student organizations like the Students for Democratic Society held rallies and marches, the first of which it happened in April of 1965 . Activists, celebrities and musicians and many others took up the Anti-war cause and waved Anti-war banners.
By 1967 America was caught up in its own urban problems. As the bombings and body count in Vietnam continued to escalate so did civil unrest. Antiwar rallies, speeches and demonstrations continued being organized all over the country. There was a backlash against all that was military. Soldiers returning home from the war were no longer regarded as heroes but as “baby killers”.
Richard Nixon’s number one campaign promise to Americans was that he’d end the war with “Vietnamization”. Yet the American presence in Vietnam remained high and casualties mounted, as did cost of running the war effort. As the year drew to close Nixon’s plans to end the Vietnam War had not been realized. American citizens were not impressed and demanded to know why their country was involved in a war where a resolution seemed impossible.
Backed by the huge attendance movement leaders, still mainly students expanded their methods and gained new allies over the few years. “Vietnam Day” held in October 1965, drew thousands to debate the moral basis of the war . A two day march on the Pentagon in October 1967 attracted nation wide media attention . The movement spread to the military itself as soldiers refused to serve in Vietnam. As the movement’s ideals spread beyond college campuses, doubts about the wisdom of escalation began to appear within the administration itself. As early as the summer of 1965, Undersecretary of State George Ball counseled President Johnson against further military involvement in Vietnam
ÄØ. In February 1965, two national security policy organizations, the National Public Service Commission and the Federation of American Scientists and Colleges, held an annual conference dedicated to debating the “War on Terror”
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ÄØ, which was followed by a wide variety of hearings and workshops between the Department of Defense and other organizations. By January 1965 The War on Terrorism and Related Activities, a draft report issued by the National Security Council, was released. The draft reports were, in reality, a compilation of intelligence, secret policy and policy proposals from both the United States Government and the National Security Council. It was meant to be a more complete analysis of the entire war, but at the time it was much less effective than other documents and proposals and more than a decade after the draft was put in place. The draft reports in question — which many believe were carefully prepared, but did not document the facts, as they had in the past — were based on a number of interviews with members of Congress, military officials, legal scholars, public relations professionals, and historians who, most important among them, had knowledge of many aspects of the war. The authors of the draft report, not unlike the draft proposals at the time, took particular precautions, and the draft documents contain substantial details that might have made it difficult for the administration to obtain the classified information the committee or agencies had requested, even after release. The Committee considered the draft proposals at length with great confidence and, despite the fact that the draft documents were based on declassified documents, they did not contain major doctrinal deviations from the draft proposals. Because the original drafts were not translated into English, and not all the text was fully consistent with the original English language documents, the committee made several changes that will probably not be known for years.[2] The National Security Council prepared a draft of the draft as early as January 1965, and a draft proposal was circulated. It was not until September 1964 that the draft arrived, before the war had ended. Even then, it was unclear which proposals might be released with the passage of time and which would have to be revised in the final draft. A number of proposals, including an amendment to the draft, were not published publicly before the war ended, and, as a matter of policy, some proposals were never released in spite of public comment in the United States and abroad. The following are some of the highlights of the draft proposal that the draft committee considered: A major amendment was submitted to the Joint Chiefs of Staff on 11 February 1955. This agreement proposed an elimination of the Vietnam War-related language policy and a change in the law pertaining to the issue of the national defense doctrine