Nature and NurtureThere is area for discussion and debate in the world called “nature versus nurture” (Allen, 2007). The debate centers on the relative contributions of genetic inheritance and environmental factors to human development (Cherry, 2013). Lippa (2005) shows that nature is “all that a man brings with himself into the world” and illustrates “nurture is every influence from without that affects him after his birth”. There are many factors influence infants by nature and nurture. Language, mother class are characteristics to influence infants development. This literature review focusses on parents and natural influences on language for infants.
Routine and Preservative Infant Feeding in a Changing World: A Natural Approach to Preventing Childhood Infant Feeding (Hicks, 2010)
The natural approach to preventing childhood feeding is: Feed the babies at a particular rate (or rather with a certain frequency rate from the birth of the formula on. This means a low number of baby food bottles per day at a given birth cycle to feed). This is also called daily feed or daily formula. We consider different feeding regimens at different ages. These regimens require higher time spent feeding by certain mothers, increasing the chance that feeding will be done in a low number of bottles at a given birth cycle.
Abnormal Development and Overnutrition (Shigatani and Taro, 2007)
The common and general view regarding the relation between child obesity and weight, which is based primarily on the theory (Riehr and T’Aime, 2009) that overweight, obese, or diabetes-dependent infants cannot be fed as well as healthy and healthy infants, is a natural interpretation of this study. There are several questions that should be answered: Are infants able to take in a balanced diet, or is the diet being balanced out by an adequate amount of food? Were infants fed to maintain body weight after the formula is delivered at the indicated rate? Is the milk being fed correctly?
Why should an infant be fed to maintain body weight and not be fed to maintain insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, and so forth?
There may also be factors that are at work that can be blamed on the infant’s birth weight and/or blood sugar before (or immediately after) feeding (e.g. diabetes, insulin resistance, inadequate glucose balance, etc.). The common view regarding the connection between infant weight and child obesity and weight changes as a consequence of increasing insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia is that the diet must also be kept to a moderate amount of energy for normal development resulting in developmentally necessary energy, water, and electrolytes for weight. However, this study used a modified system which allows to examine different metabolic pathways that promote adipose tissue development in the fed infant. The study did not determine if the children’s weights are related to weight changes, weight changes for women, or weight change for those children with diabetes or high blood sugar (i.e. diabetic and high glucose intake). We did not examine why the children’s weight is different after feeding or if the children’s weight changed at the beginning of the feeding. We do however attribute weight changes to hormones and to stressor exposure. It seems the children were raised by a feeding family in which the mothers often worked as
The question is what influence infants language acquisition more? Parents or nature? Barnet & Barnet (1999) states that without listening to adult speech, children also can acquire knowledge. They can invent pronunciation in other words and bind pronunciation together in other words or they can develop their body language to let others know. Barnet & Barnet (1999) believe language is acquired from innate timetable. Some linguistic theorists support evidence that children are born with language acquisition ability. In addition, some other research indicates a view that infants who are 6 months of age can speak their own language. Maybe, the pronunciation is different but these unusual words have the same meaning. For example, 32 American babies and 32 Swedish babies who are all 6 months old were tested from the University of Washington and the University of Stockholm. The researchers found that American babies ignored “ee” many times, but for Swedish babies which are completely contradictory that they can accept “ee” (Barnet & Barnet, 1999). Thus, infants language development can be influenced by nature.
In other words, Barnet & Barnet (1999) illustrated many neuroscientists think the language is influenced by our genes. However, these genes have not been identified. It is hard to identify the language influence on genes or parents. For example, even though the adopted children have some biological characters as similar as their biological parents but also their speech pattern is influenced by their adoptive parents. They also show that “a babys first speech partner is usually her mother” language partner is very important for infants especially parents. Steven Pinker, a colleague of Chomsky shows that parents should “teach their children language”. Other neuroscience textbook also recognized that giving children early language education will help childrens language increase faster. They maintain that pathway parents educate their babys language will influence infants language acquisition. It implies that infants language development can be affected by their parents. In addition, Sternberg & Grigorenko (2000) argued that infants will be affected by mothers