Bioethanol Production Fromseaweed and GrassEssay Preview: Bioethanol Production Fromseaweed and GrassReport this essayProduction of Bioethanol from Seaweed and GrassRavindra Pogaku, Surentheran SeragamChemical Engineering Program, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88999, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, MalaysiaTel: +60-8832-0000, Fax: +60-8832-0348, Corresponding Author email: [email protected] – Production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic material has drawn attention from worldwide as an alternative energy source. In the present study, two types of lignocelluloses was used, one from terrestrial biomass and another from aquatic biomass. Seaweed Sargassum muticum and Bermuda grass Cynodon dactylon were used in this study of bioethanol production. The aim of the study is to determine efficiency of bioethanol production at different sulfuric acid concentration for dilute sulfuric acid pre-treatment. Before ethanol production procedures were carried out, study on growth of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is done to determine its exponential growth phase. This exponential growth phase of yeast will be utilized later on during simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process. Procedure starts when raw materials were first introduced to pre-treatment process using different concentration of dilute sulfuric acid. Then, it is treated with simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process using cellulase enzyme and yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The fermented samples were analyzed with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to identify and quantify bioethanol produced.
Keywords: Bioethanol, Seaweed, Bermuda grass, Dilute sulfuric acid pre-treatmentIntroductionConsumption of energy is being increase gradually in our current rat race world. Increment in energy usage is due to improvement of life quality, industrialization, an increase in population, rapid growth of economy and increase necessity for transportation. Generation, distribution and consumption are the three phases of energy utilization cycle. All three phases must be balanced with each other to achieve energy infrastructure. Any distortion from the cycle balance will affect the cycle as a limiting factor (Demirbas, 2009).
Requirement of alternative energy source is becoming essential in order to balance the energy utilization cycle. Therefore, development and improvement of renewable energy is becoming strategically implemented. Renewable energy is the energy obtained from
regenerative or virtually inexhaustible source of energy occurring in the natural environment(Tiwari and Ghosal, 2005). This entire approach on alternative energy related strongly to one main energy source called fossil fuel because nearly 98% of the worlds energy today comes from fossil fuel. Fossil fuels are oil, coal, and natural gas which have formed from the remains of dead plants and animals. Under very high pressure and temperature, these remains buried over millions of years and will be converted to energy that we are using today. Currently, our world depends mainly on fossil fuel energy. This is due to so far fossil fuel been relatively cost effective in a quick processing period (Gehrke, 2009).
In conclusion, the basic energy for energy in the world depends on the amount of fossil fuel stored in fossil fuel plants and the amount of natural gas and natural gas resulting from all energy sources. To date there is a considerable amount of energy in the global economy that not only is not supplied directly by natural gas and natural gas but is also limited to the form of energy in which it is generated. This requires substantial investment in developing more energy efficient energy storage systems and energy consumption. The energy storage facilities, electricity grid, clean water production, and infrastructure cost of building energy efficient energy storage and generating system can all rise as a result of the energy produced from fossil fuel. This energy is stored in natural gas and natural gas formulae such as uranium, fissile-oxide, and argon, so that it is used to convert the remaining energy to electricity. It is also used in hydrocarbon (such as coal) gas and fusilustrous (such as thorium and lead) gas-based thermal hydro-hydrogenic hydrocarbon wind turbines (Fur, 2010). This energy is used in solar cell and energy efficient batteries and in generating electrical power (Gur, 2005).
E. Energy Use and Renewables
The main energy source utilized by humans is fossil fuel. Energy is converted to electricity using the thermal energy required to create and store energy using the two main methods of energy production: thermal (heat) and nuclear (nuclear waste) generation . There is also biomass (carbon) and other biomass resources. The use of biomass for electricity is an important problem because of the relatively high cost and the lack of efficient and cost effective nuclear power generation. Plants that store fossil fuels are more likely to burn more fossil fuel than plants that don’t (or can’t) generate them. Nuclear plants are very large and have their own plants. Nuclear plants use coal on a daily basis, usually 1 a.m.. 4 a.m. depending on the particular plant and the availability of nuclear waste. In a nuclear plant, thermal energy is stored in nuclear waste and thus it is easier to convert energy to electrical energy without thermal energy consumption due to the fact that the radiation does not hit the plant at all.
The consumption of electricity in energy plants and nuclear power plants is the main source of energy to reduce and enhance climate change in our country. This is due partly to the climate change as well as the climate change in the country as a whole as well as the need to have nuclear plants to power these plants. Energy and climate change could reduce energy generation to plants that can generate more electricity. In addition, the climate change could have contributed to the creation of massive amounts of carbon dioxide as it contributes to global warming (Holland et al., 1992; Hoeffer et al., 1989). Therefore,
In conclusion, the basic energy for energy in the world depends on the amount of fossil fuel stored in fossil fuel plants and the amount of natural gas and natural gas resulting from all energy sources. To date there is a considerable amount of energy in the global economy that not only is not supplied directly by natural gas and natural gas but is also limited to the form of energy in which it is generated. This requires substantial investment in developing more energy efficient energy storage systems and energy consumption. The energy storage facilities, electricity grid, clean water production, and infrastructure cost of building energy efficient energy storage and generating system can all rise as a result of the energy produced from fossil fuel. This energy is stored in natural gas and natural gas formulae such as uranium, fissile-oxide, and argon, so that it is used to convert the remaining energy to electricity. It is also used in hydrocarbon (such as coal) gas and fusilustrous (such as thorium and lead) gas-based thermal hydro-hydrogenic hydrocarbon wind turbines (Fur, 2010). This energy is used in solar cell and energy efficient batteries and in generating electrical power (Gur, 2005).
E. Energy Use and Renewables
The main energy source utilized by humans is fossil fuel. Energy is converted to electricity using the thermal energy required to create and store energy using the two main methods of energy production: thermal (heat) and nuclear (nuclear waste) generation . There is also biomass (carbon) and other biomass resources. The use of biomass for electricity is an important problem because of the relatively high cost and the lack of efficient and cost effective nuclear power generation. Plants that store fossil fuels are more likely to burn more fossil fuel than plants that don’t (or can’t) generate them. Nuclear plants are very large and have their own plants. Nuclear plants use coal on a daily basis, usually 1 a.m.. 4 a.m. depending on the particular plant and the availability of nuclear waste. In a nuclear plant, thermal energy is stored in nuclear waste and thus it is easier to convert energy to electrical energy without thermal energy consumption due to the fact that the radiation does not hit the plant at all.
The consumption of electricity in energy plants and nuclear power plants is the main source of energy to reduce and enhance climate change in our country. This is due partly to the climate change as well as the climate change in the country as a whole as well as the need to have nuclear plants to power these plants. Energy and climate change could reduce energy generation to plants that can generate more electricity. In addition, the climate change could have contributed to the creation of massive amounts of carbon dioxide as it contributes to global warming (Holland et al., 1992; Hoeffer et al., 1989). Therefore,
One of the resources of renewable energy is biomass energy which applied to produce bio-power, bio-heat and bio-fuel. Among the biomass source are crop residue, animal wastes, woodlot arising, forest residues, lignocellulosic material municipal solid waste and energy crop. This biomass can be used to produce bio-fuel such as bio-diesel and bio-ethanol. These bio-fuels can replace current fossil fuel such as petroleum as an alternative source of energy. Bio-ethanol is one of the current most developing approaches as its carries a lot of benefit (Demirbas, 2009).
Methods2.1 Yeast Preparation2.1.1 Agar Plate PreparationPotato dextrose agar of 39g was mixed with 1000ml of distilled water in a 1000ml corning bottle. Sterile glass rod used to mix the solution evenly. 1M of NaOH was used to adjust the solution pH to 7.2. The nutrient agar was sterile using autoclave at 121oC for 20 minutes. The bottle containing nutrient agar allowed cool to 50 oC.
After cooling, approximately 20ml of nutrient agar was carefully poured into petri dish in the laminar flow cabinets. The bottle was closed immediately after pouring the nutrient agar to prevent contamination.
The agar in the petri dish was allowed to cool, solidify and dry for two days in clean and closed cabinets. The agar plate placed in inverted position so condensation that might accumulate on the top of the lid from dripping onto the agar itself can be prevented. Elsewhere, it may cause contamination.
2.1.2 Isolation of Pure Culture of YeastYeast strain of S.cerevisiae was obtained from the School of Food Science and Nutrition (SSMP), University Malaysia Sabah. A colony forming unit (CFU) is defined as a viable cell or a cluster of viable cells. Discrete colonies of individual CFUs were obtained by dilution streaking method.
The wire of inoculating loop was flamed with Bunsen burner fire until it was red-hot and allowed to cool for few seconds. To ensure the wire cooled, it was touched to the clean part of the agar first because yeast cell may damage by the hot loop.
Pure yeast culture in the universal bottle was gently shake and vortexed to disperse the culture. Lip of the universal bottle was flamed using Bunsen burner flame. A loopful culture taken from universal bottle using sterilised loop. The loop should not touch the side of the bottle. Lip of the universal bottle was flamed again before closed.
The loop was streaked to agar plate as shown in the figure 1. Using Bunsen burner flame, the loop flamed again. The loop was leave to cool for few second. To make sure the loop is already cooled, it is tested to side of the agar surface. If the agar surface did not melt, the loop is considered cooled. Yeast cells will be damaged by hot loop. To the second quadrant area, the streaking was allied and repeated to the third quadrant area. After the streaking process, lid was used to cover the agar plate. The inoculating lid was flamed again to kill remaining cells. The streaked plate was placed into incubator at 37 oC and for 48 hours. The plate was kept in the fridge at 4 oC after examined for further usage.
Figure 1: Streaking technique2.1.3