Essay About Affirmative Action And U.S. Supreme Court
Essay, Pages 1 (681 words)
Latest Update: August 11, 2021
Affirmative ActionEssay Preview: Affirmative ActionReport this essayAffirmative ActionIn the United States, Affirmative Action is one of the government programs to overcome the effects of past societal discrimination by allocating jobs and resources to members of specific groups, such as minorities and women. The policy was put forth by federal agencies enforcing the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and two executive orders, which provided that government contractors and educational institutions receiving federal funds develop such programs. The Equal Employment Opportunities Act (1972) set up a commission to enforce such plans.
The establishment of racial quotas in the name of affirmative action brought the charges of so-called reverse discrimination into the late 1970s. Although the U.S. Supreme Court accepted such an argument in the case University of California v. Bakke (1978), it let existing programs stand and it also approved the use of quotas in 1979 in a case involving voluntary affirmative-action programs in unions and private businesses. In the 1980s, the federal governments role in affirmative action was considerably diluted. In three cases in 1989, the Supreme Court undercut court-approved affirmative action plans by giving greater standing to claims of reverse discrimination, voiding the use of minority set-asides where past discrimination against minority contractors was unproven, and restricting the use of statistics to prove discrimination, since statistics did not prove intent.
The Civil Rights Act of 1991 reaffirmed a federal governments commitment to affirmative action, but a 1995 Supreme Court decision placed limits on the use of race in awarding government contracts; the affected government programs were revamped in the late 1990s to encompass any person who was “socially disadvantaged.” In the late 1990s, in a public backlash against perceived reverse discrimination, California and other states banned the use of race- and sex-based preferences in state and local programs. In Europe, the European Court of Justice has upheld (1997) the use in the public sector of affirmative-action programs for women, establishing a legal precedent for the nations of the European Union.
>
AUSTRALIA:
#4. The Australian Federal Police have made a significant commitment to use a diverse and culturally diverse team to solve crime.
#5. Following the release of the first phase of a major criminal history project, the Australian Department of Justice has launched a series of partnerships with key Australian police.
For years, the Australian Federal Police, acting through the Australian Center for Information and Resource Technologies, has investigated and assisted thousands of Australians, including former inmates, to develop a police service that treats crime as a whole – an integrated national crime. In 2013-14, the AFP joined forces with a number of the regional, local and Federal police forces to provide a training and equipment programme for the Australian security forces, which has increased detection and response rates.
#2. The Australian Security Intelligence Organisation now has 5,500 officers.
nsso.gov.au
bureaucrats.gov.au
AUSTRALIA:
//
The Australian Federal Police (AFC) has the power to investigate, prosecute, and deter attacks on Australian police officers.
I. Background
bureaucrats.gov.au Australia’s legal framework provides for a law-enforcement community (i.e., it is an ethnic, racial, linguistic, social or cultural group) to function in the community and to contribute to its functioning as a community to the welfare of its members and communities (e.g., policing).
The Australian Federal Police (AFF) is, as the official acronym is, an “agency with the responsibility of investigating crime, apprehending and prosecuting offenders for offences and detecting offences of serious public concern. An AFF is an independent force within the government to provide assistance to law-enforcement agencies, civil society groups, the community and the public. An AFF acts on behalf of the citizens of Australia and engages in the promotion and protection of the public values and laws of the Commonwealth, the Commonwealth Capital Region, the Australian National Capital Territory, the Commonwealth Government and others, but is also closely integrated with the broader community. An AFF is also accountable to the Australian people by the Commonwealth’s national authorities. To assist with this role, an organisation will work with local law enforcement bodies such as AFRP, police commissioners, police forces or police chiefs, prosecutors and security analysts and other local
