Russian Formalism
Russian Formalism refers to the work of the Society for the Study of Poetic Language (OPOYAZ) founded in 1916 in St. Petersburg (then Petrograd) by Boris Eichenbaum, Viktor Shklovsky and Yury Tynyanov, and secondarily to the Moscow Linguistic Circle founded in 1914 by Roman Jakobson. (The folklorist Vladimir Propp is also often associated with the movement.) Eichenbaums 1926 essay “The Theory of the Formal Method” (translated in Lemon and Reis) provides an economical overview of the approach the Formalists advocated, which included the following basic ideas:
The aim is to produce “a science of literature that would be both independent and factual,” which is sometimes designated by the term poetics.[citation needed]
Since literature is made of language, linguistics will be a foundational element of the science of literature.
Literature is autonomous from external conditions in the sense that literary language is distinct from ordinary uses of language, not least because it is not (entirely) communicative.
Literature has its own history, a history of innovation in formal structures, and is not determined (as some crude versions of Marxism have it) by external, material history.
What a work of literature says cannot be separated from how the literary work says it, and therefore the form and structure of a work, far from being merely the decorative wrapping of an isolable content, is in fact part of the content of the work.
According to Eichenbaum, Shklovsky was the lead critic of the group, and Shklovsky contributed two of their most well-known concepts: defamiliarization (ostraneniye, more literally, estrangement) and the plot/story distinction (syuzhet/fabula). “Defamiliarization” is one of the crucial ways in which literary language distinguishes itself from ordinary, communicative language, and is a feature of how art in general works,