Review of Related Literature and StudiesEssay Preview: Review of Related Literature and StudiesReport this essayChapter IIREVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE and STUDIESIn the local market, Tagalog romance novels are a hot commodity especially among the female teenage readers. Lutgarda Elvina, writing for the Womens Resource and Research Center (WRRC), wrote that, “In the Philippines, people read more komiks and novels (54%) than newspapers (37%).” And since, “Popular media invariably impacts on Filipinos as it creates popular culture and is in turn sustained by this popular demand”, the gender roles portrayed in these novels are sure to have some influence on their teenage readers, affecting the way they view gender roles, and reality, in general. In our society, gender roles segregation still does occur and these are written about in Tagalog romance novels.
Women of the Philippines and the Philippines, A. J. C. Ehrhart & Dio Pizarro, are the leading and most experienced authors in both the rural and urban markets of Tagalog, writing an insightful but unreferenced review of R&D projects aimed at providing critical data and advocacy on the development of the international community and on the international role of youth in this rapidly evolving field. They have a history of publishing and publishing issues for the World Youth Forum (WYP), the Association of Asian Nations (AAUN) and various organizations and publications, particularly the Women’s Resource Center, the World Development Action Network (WND) and other research centers. She is the author of The Making of Popular Culture and the World’s Young, published in 2010. On the cover of “A History of Literary Roles in the Philippines” (1st ed., forthcoming).
These three are, of course, an excellent overview on the challenges of cultural development, an informative commentary, and a great introduction of the relevant literature. The WYP also provides an excellent introduction to international literature. The issues discussed are: cultural diversity, domestic and foreign, literature and the development of the global community, cultural norms, political and social issues, literacy among youth, cultural exchange, domestic and internationalization of literature, literature for education, and many other subjects.
The International Studies program of the Association of Asian Nations (AAUN) has had several fruitful runs, including workshops on literary and non-fiction work, and a workshop at the Asia Institute.
Some of the literature on these problems can be found in the following books: Women in Asia (2003), M.G. Sato, “Development and Developmental Issues in the Philippines: Contemporary Issues in Dialogue with the Development of Women in Japan and China and Beyond,” Journal of Asian Studies (2004) 47: 818-825
A. Kostas, “Why You Leave the Philippines”: A History, Development, and Struggle in the Philippines, 1989
By the mid 1990s and early 2000s, Filipinas were moving from “the Philippines to the United States” and also from the “American sphere” to the Asia and the Pacific: an environment of global exchange, of an atmosphere of cultural tension, of socialization of language, of globalization, of communication and communication and of social dialogue and of social relations between the two populations.
A few of these themes are also explored in Sato and Kostas as well: the emergence of a modern “cultural community” within a new cultural community (Gunnar, 1993; ⌾). The development process is also presented as a process of globalization, as illustrated in the research concerning the development of Philippine culture through the globalization of media (Wang, 2001; G. Iyer, “What is Global Culture?, American Quarterly, 2001), and media’s influence on media systems. And there is more to “how, and how much” globalization impacts culture and society outside the United States.
The most important aspect of globalization in the Philippines stems from the impact a change in U.S. law can have in the way it affects Filipino and American cultural development: American laws and the media can create a complex environment where change often takes a disproportionate amount of time.
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Women of the Philippines and the Philippines, A. J. C. Ehrhart & Dio Pizarro, are the leading and most experienced authors in both the rural and urban markets of Tagalog, writing an insightful but unreferenced review of R&D projects aimed at providing critical data and advocacy on the development of the international community and on the international role of youth in this rapidly evolving field. They have a history of publishing and publishing issues for the World Youth Forum (WYP), the Association of Asian Nations (AAUN) and various organizations and publications, particularly the Women’s Resource Center, the World Development Action Network (WND) and other research centers. She is the author of The Making of Popular Culture and the World’s Young, published in 2010. On the cover of “A History of Literary Roles in the Philippines” (1st ed., forthcoming).
These three are, of course, an excellent overview on the challenges of cultural development, an informative commentary, and a great introduction of the relevant literature. The WYP also provides an excellent introduction to international literature. The issues discussed are: cultural diversity, domestic and foreign, literature and the development of the global community, cultural norms, political and social issues, literacy among youth, cultural exchange, domestic and internationalization of literature, literature for education, and many other subjects.
The International Studies program of the Association of Asian Nations (AAUN) has had several fruitful runs, including workshops on literary and non-fiction work, and a workshop at the Asia Institute.
Some of the literature on these problems can be found in the following books: Women in Asia (2003), M.G. Sato, “Development and Developmental Issues in the Philippines: Contemporary Issues in Dialogue with the Development of Women in Japan and China and Beyond,” Journal of Asian Studies (2004) 47: 818-825
A. Kostas, “Why You Leave the Philippines”: A History, Development, and Struggle in the Philippines, 1989
By the mid 1990s and early 2000s, Filipinas were moving from “the Philippines to the United States” and also from the “American sphere” to the Asia and the Pacific: an environment of global exchange, of an atmosphere of cultural tension, of socialization of language, of globalization, of communication and communication and of social dialogue and of social relations between the two populations.
A few of these themes are also explored in Sato and Kostas as well: the emergence of a modern “cultural community” within a new cultural community (Gunnar, 1993; ⌾). The development process is also presented as a process of globalization, as illustrated in the research concerning the development of Philippine culture through the globalization of media (Wang, 2001; G. Iyer, “What is Global Culture?, American Quarterly, 2001), and media’s influence on media systems. And there is more to “how, and how much” globalization impacts culture and society outside the United States.
The most important aspect of globalization in the Philippines stems from the impact a change in U.S. law can have in the way it affects Filipino and American cultural development: American laws and the media can create a complex environment where change often takes a disproportionate amount of time.
(
Heroines in Tagalog romance novels are portrayed as passive, inferior beings, intellectually and physically dependent as wives and mothers. Women portrayals in Tagalog romance novels confine her to the home or family. On the other extreme, heroines are portrayed as the sex siren to titillate mens pleasures. Underlying practically all Tagalog romance novels images of women is a dichotomous motif which defines women as either perfectly good or wholly evil, mother or whore, virgin or call girl, even traditional or ultramodern. Moreover, numerous researches, both local and international, have established the fact that the media shows passive and emotionally dependent women, and these characteristics are generally labeled as “good”. And because media helps in creating and shaping human consciousness and roles in this age of media technology, such portrayals promote and reinforce male-dominant ideologies, or global patriarchy which perpetuates and is sustained by such “pictures in the head” about women and their roles and functions in society.
Heroes in Tagalog romance novels are portrayed as the antithesis of the heroines: strong and independent, always ready to save the damsel in distress–a strong manifestation of a patriarchal view. In 1983, Jimenez undertook an extensive study to ascertain concepts of masculinity and femininity in the country. His findings reveal that masculinity, or pagkalalaki, was “generally conceived of in terms of traits connoting strength, and as: malakas, matipuno, malaki ang katawan, maskulado, and malusog.” A finding reported by Jurilla in 1986 revealed that men expressed themes with nurturance/affiliation motives more frequently than did women. And finally, wrote Elvina: “In 1980, an interview survey of 109 female and male respondents composed of agricultural workers, industrial workers, the military, and youth sectors, showed that more males than females associated intelligence, responsibility, and independence with “masculinity” or pagiging tunay na lalaki. The youth sector perceived both sexes to be intelligent, but the female generally disguises hers to defer to the male, because it is seen as the only way to attract and hold a man.” Thus, she concludes: “With the efficient and effective support of mass media images, little boys grow up to be big, strong men who occasionally, or more often than not, apologize for their weaknesses and little girls are socialized into women who apologize for their strengths, i.e., independence, decisiveness, tenacity, and intelligence.
Certain studies