Citation: (Strunk & White, 1979).
Chapter or section in a book (online & print):
Beers, M. H., & Berkow, R. (1999). Mood disorders. In The Merck manual of diagnosis and therapy (17th ed., sec. 15, chap. 189). Retrieved January 17, 2003, from
Stephan, W. G. (1985). Intergroup relations. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (3rd ed., Vol. 2, pp. 599с658). New York: Random House.
Citations: (Beers & Berkow, 1999, chap. 189); (Stephan, 1985). Note: Break a URL to wrap a line only after a slash or before a period. Do not add a hyphen or any other punctuation.
Conference paper (unpublished):
Shrout, P. E. (Chair), Hunter, J. E., Harris, R. J., Wilkinson, L., Strouss, M. E., Applebaum, M. I., et al. (1996, August). Significance tests: Should they be banned from APA journals? Symposium conducted
at the 104th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, Canada.
Citation: (Shrout et al., 1996). APA references list up to the first six authors to a work. If there are more than six, add et al. (“and others”) after the first six names. For citations in your text, use just the lead author plus “et al.”
Government report online accessed through GPO database:
National Institute of Mental Health. (2002). Breaking ground, breaking through: The strategic plan for mood disorders research of the National Institute of Mental Health (Publication No. 0507-B-05). Retrieved January 19, 2003, from NIMH Web site via GPO Access:
Citation: (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2002); next citation (NIMH, 2002).
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Journal articles (Print, electronic copy, changed source, online journal, paged by issue):
Hypericum Depression Trial Study Group. (2002). Effect of Hypericum perforatum (St Johns Wort) in major depressive disorder: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 287, 1807с1814.
Citation: (Hypericum Depression Trial Study Group, 2002). The APA Manual requires citing the full name of a corporate or group author like this; the acronym HDTSG would not be easily recognized. However, shortening the author to “Hypericum Depression Trial” in subsequent citations would probably be acceptable to editors of APA journals.
Journal article, electronic facsimile:
Hypericum Depression Trial Study Group. (2002). Effect of Hypericum perforatum (St Johns Wort) in major depressive disorder: A randomized controlled trial [Electronic version]. JAMA, 287, 1807-1814.
Many documents are now available online as exact copies of the print original (usually in Adobes PDF format). References to exact reproductions of journal articles (which include page numbers, etc., from the journal) are treated as normal journal references with the bracketed phrase “Electronic version” added to the reference as above. If, however, the document is not an exact copy of a print version, treat it as a web reference and add the usual information for electronic references: the date you retrieved the document and the URL.
Journal article, changed/doubtful source:
Hypericum Depression Trial Study Group. (2002). Effect of Hypericum perforatum (St Johns Wort) in major depressive disorder: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 287, 1807-1814. Retrieved July 7, 2002, from
Journal article, retrieved from a database:
Hypericum Depression Trial Study Group. (2002). Effect of Hypericum perforatum (St Johns Wort) in major depressive disorder: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 287, 1807-1814. Retrieved July 7, 2002, from MEDSYS database.
Online only journal (paged by issue):
Kortepeter, M. G., & Parker, G. W. (1999). Potential biological weapons threats. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 5(4). Retrieved January 20, 2003, from
Citation: (Kortepeter & Parker, 1999). There is no period after the URL in a reference.
Note: When directly quoting or citing a document, a page number or other means of identifying