Eu-Russia RelationsEu-Russia RelationsExternal tradeThe European Union is today the leading player in international trade, ahead of the United States and Japan. At a time of strong growth in international trade it accounts for

a fifth of the world trade.The Treaty of Rome objective was to create customs union between EU’s Member States with no trade barriers and common external tariffs on imports from third countries. Nowadays, after fifty years, almost all of those objectives are fulfilled. Trade among all Member States has no barriers, there are no tariffs and goods move freely inside European Union. Also the external trade policy of the European Union is common for all Member States. That means single jurisdiction in all trade-related matters of European Union and its 25 member states. According to the Article 133 of the European Community Treaty which is the legal basis for the EU’s trade policy, European Commission in consultation with a special committee negotiates on behalf of all member states. All trade agreements signed by EU are binding on all EU institutions and all member states.

The Treaty of Rome aims to develop new and better intergovernmental relations with the EU by opening itself up from the beginning of the 21st century, to the present day. The treaty provides the basis for Member States, European companies and European political parties to explore their international relations, to negotiate bilateral trade relations with the European Union.

For the first time, the European Commission has published an official website dedicated mainly to business communication.

In addition, in April 2013, the Commission introduced two more harmonising measures which have already been adopted by Member States and EU institutions. These are entitled, “Investigation of the issue of the status of commercial barriers in the EU”, and “Investigation of the issue of the status of tariffs and imports in the EU”.

The Commission has established a European Commission for the Protection of Journalists, which will be established in 2014, that will review relevant laws, regulations and documents and assist in the work of the Commission. The Commission hopes the Commission can apply for a special designation by a Member State. It hopes to apply for a special law as soon as possible. The Commission hopes that the legal provisions used by the commission were followed by the public, such as the European Court of Justice. The Commission aims to implement the special law by 2022 by implementing the procedure used by the European Parliament. The Commission also intends to apply for a special law by 2024.

It also plans to develop special rules which will lead to the implementation of the measures implemented by the Commission pursuant to Article 5(1)(c) of the Regulation (EU) No 4/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2014, on the basis of the harmonisation of principles referred to in the second subparagraph of Article 3 of Regulation (EU) No 10/2014. Those rules will apply with effect from the date of first implementation of the harmonisation on 26 January 2015.

According to the document ‘Economic Relations of the European Union’. It says: “In this Agreement, the Member State has, at the request and by its consent, granted to the Commission the right of the Member State to regulate its Member States, according on the basis of the international framework under which it is involved in international trade, to provide legal services and to comply with the obligations of the regulations. It also made an offer on the basis of the principles referred to in that document and ratified the offer.” The European Commission has also extended to the Commission the right to take actions against individuals and to carry on activities conducted on the basis of the provisions of that offer.” This agreement will be enforced by the Commission. The European Commission intends the European Parliament to adopt a directive on the procedure for imposing EU legislations on civil society organisations in its territory and to carry out proceedings in order to protect the rights and interests of those organisations. This will constitute an additional obligation with respect to the decision to take action against members of civil society organisations”. The European Parliament has signed an agreement also on the basis of this document to seek an agreement on the European Union to implement the European Economic Area Regulation (EU); the European Council has signed an agreement for all Member States to make common proposals relating to the harmonisations mentioned in this report. The European Council has also signified to the European Council on 16 February the agreement between the Council and the European Council on 20 February the implementation of each of the measures, namely the harmonisation provisions and those on tariff-based trade and the regulation on the free movement of goods and services within the European Union. The European Parliament has also said that the European Union undert

The Treaty of Rome aims to develop new and better intergovernmental relations with the EU by opening itself up from the beginning of the 21st century, to the present day. The treaty provides the basis for Member States, European companies and European political parties to explore their international relations, to negotiate bilateral trade relations with the European Union.

For the first time, the European Commission has published an official website dedicated mainly to business communication.

In addition, in April 2013, the Commission introduced two more harmonising measures which have already been adopted by Member States and EU institutions. These are entitled, “Investigation of the issue of the status of commercial barriers in the EU”, and “Investigation of the issue of the status of tariffs and imports in the EU”.

The Commission has established a European Commission for the Protection of Journalists, which will be established in 2014, that will review relevant laws, regulations and documents and assist in the work of the Commission. The Commission hopes the Commission can apply for a special designation by a Member State. It hopes to apply for a special law as soon as possible. The Commission hopes that the legal provisions used by the commission were followed by the public, such as the European Court of Justice. The Commission aims to implement the special law by 2022 by implementing the procedure used by the European Parliament. The Commission also intends to apply for a special law by 2024.

It also plans to develop special rules which will lead to the implementation of the measures implemented by the Commission pursuant to Article 5(1)(c) of the Regulation (EU) No 4/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2014, on the basis of the harmonisation of principles referred to in the second subparagraph of Article 3 of Regulation (EU) No 10/2014. Those rules will apply with effect from the date of first implementation of the harmonisation on 26 January 2015.

According to the document ‘Economic Relations of the European Union’. It says: “In this Agreement, the Member State has, at the request and by its consent, granted to the Commission the right of the Member State to regulate its Member States, according on the basis of the international framework under which it is involved in international trade, to provide legal services and to comply with the obligations of the regulations. It also made an offer on the basis of the principles referred to in that document and ratified the offer.” The European Commission has also extended to the Commission the right to take actions against individuals and to carry on activities conducted on the basis of the provisions of that offer.” This agreement will be enforced by the Commission. The European Commission intends the European Parliament to adopt a directive on the procedure for imposing EU legislations on civil society organisations in its territory and to carry out proceedings in order to protect the rights and interests of those organisations. This will constitute an additional obligation with respect to the decision to take action against members of civil society organisations”. The European Parliament has signed an agreement also on the basis of this document to seek an agreement on the European Union to implement the European Economic Area Regulation (EU); the European Council has signed an agreement for all Member States to make common proposals relating to the harmonisations mentioned in this report. The European Council has also signified to the European Council on 16 February the agreement between the Council and the European Council on 20 February the implementation of each of the measures, namely the harmonisation provisions and those on tariff-based trade and the regulation on the free movement of goods and services within the European Union. The European Parliament has also said that the European Union undert

Common Commercial PolicyThe objective of the EUs Common Commercial Policy is to contribute, in the common interest, to the harmonious development of world trade, the progressive abolition of restrictions on international trade, and the lowering of customs barriers. The EUs Common Commercial Policy covers all the main measures affecting trade in goods and services and almost all trade-related issues.

EU’s Common commercial policy allows to uniform trade relations with third countries, by using such tools as common customs tariffs and common regimes on export and import. To defend its market, European Union uses antidumping and anti-subsidy measures as well as Trade Barriers Regulations.

The Common External TariffOne of the main features of the European Customs Union is the Common External Tariff (CET). Its main advantage is that regardless of the Member State of destination, all products imported from third countries are burdened with uniformed customs duties. Originally, the CET was the arithmetic mean of the tariffs applied in 1957 by the Member States. However, since then, CET has been amended by the Council several times. The creation of the common external tariff has resulted in Member States protection in relation with third countries and in creation of a inside community trade preference, as imports from another Member State are not loaded with customs duties.

Trade defense instrumentsAs it was mentioned before, European Union in its trade relations with third countries may use the following instruments in order to protect its market against unfair trade.

•Anti-dumping policy is intended to counter the practice of exporting goods at lower prices than those applied to similar products on the domestic market.

•Anti-subsidy policy is designed to prevent imports of products for which prices are kept artificially low by public subsidies in the third country of origin.

These two policies result in temporal recall of some customs duties on questionable imports. The European Union can also undertake protective procedures in order to limit the imports. This however can be applied only if imports occur to be jeopardy to national producers. In addition, these measures must be non-discriminatory, what means that they must be applied to all imports of the product in matter, irrespective of country of origin.

Instruments for access to third country marketsCurrently, when trade tariffs are being abolished, European Union has set up mechanisms allowing it to identify the trade barriers encountered by Community businesses in exporting to third countries. Those mechanisms are:

•preferential arrangements•multilateral negotiationsUndertakings to eliminate obstacles to trade on international markets include “special relations” with given countries or groups of countries. In practice, this means concluding preferential trade agreements which allow certain partner countries to be given special treatment.

The most important of these agreements are:•the European Economic Area (with Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein);•the Association Agreements with the countries of central and eastern Europe;•the agreements with the Mediterranean countries;•

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