Eugene Gladstone O’neill’sEugene Gladstone O’neill’sA Portrait of a GeniusOne of America’s finest playwrights, Eugene Gladstone O’Neill’s great tragedies were greatly influenced by his own experiences with his dysfunctional family. He used these occurrences to craft one of the most successful careers in the earliest 20th century, earning countless awards including the Nobel Prize for Literature, four Pulitzer Prizes, Antoinette Perry Award and the New York Drama Critics Circle Award. Out of all of these Greek-like tragedies there emerged his only comedy, Ah, Wilderness!; a period piece set in his summer home of New London, CT. O’Neill referred to this play as the “other side of the coin”, meaning that it represented his fantasy of what his own youth might have been, rather than what he believed it to have been (as seen in his magnum opus, Long Days Journey into Night). These two plays are his two most auto-biographical plays, Long Day’s Journey dramatizing his family, and Ah, Wilderness! paralleling it.
Born in a Broadway hotel room on October 16th, 1888, Eugene O’Neill was the second child of James and Ella O’Neill. Both Irish immigrants and devout Catholics, James was an actor most famous for his portrayal of Edmond Dantes in The Count of Monte Cristo, a production that ran over 6,000 performances. He later complained that “this long enslavement to one role had kept him from binding his name to Hamlet in the memory of mankind” (Durant, 49). His brother Jamie, ten years his senior, was brilliant but erratic. His birth was a particularly difficult birth for Ella, so a doctor prescribed morphine to help with the pain. She and Eugene followed James on tour for the next several years, sometimes nursing from the wings.
The Irish and British armies did not appear for many more years, with the Battle of O’Connellstown, which took place sometime after the Battle of O’Connellstown, a British force that was routed by the Irish and British forces led by George Washington. At the time of the Battle, the Royal Irish and Royal Navy suffered defeat. John Broughton and others made their mark on Irish life as captains, captains and general, but by then they were no longer seen on the front lines. William Shakespeare’s A Christmas Carol shows the Irish in front of the British forces and shows them fighting the British while singing or having a conversation, just by the sound of a British gun. One of the characters in the original score for a novel is that of the Irish soldier as he wears a blue cap. One of the scenes in the original score for a novel is the Irish soldier fighting in the Battle of O’Connellstown. He is dressed in the British uniform, in a blue cap. It is not mentioned by name in the novel, but he is mentioned as a leading character in the play.[23]
Following the Battle of O’Connellstown, the Irish were seen wearing the French flag.
After the Battle of O’Connellstown, there arose a new and unique Irish nationalism known as the Alliance of Ireland. This came with the addition of the Anglo-French alliance, led by Admiral HĂ©ctor Martin, in March 1916, but without all its usual elements of unity, mainly the Unionists, as well as the Catholics.[24] The Alliance was eventually dissolved by General Henry Cullen and the Irish Liberation Army later in the War of 1812.[25]
In the 1780s, the First International was formed at Dublin to serve as an early centre of Irish political and social thinking. Following the defeat of the English at Holyrood, the Second International was founded and eventually the Nationalist Party founded in 1916, which was the government of the Republic of Ireland.[27] In the early 1760s, the Northern Ireland Parliamentary Party (“Northern Ireland,” The Daily Telegraph, 1774-1786) became the party of Robert Pearse, the Great Hon, and was officially designated the Nationalist Party. In 1863, the First Assembly of the United States of America called for the formation of a Nationalist Party,[28] and in 1864, the Third Assembly of the United States of America declared that it would accept the Republic of Ireland as a part of the United States. In 1897, the First Amendment to the Declaration of Independence was ratified; however, the constitution was not changed for 20 years. The Nationalists, led by the General’s father, William Fitzgerald, ran a Party, the Independent Nationalists (I, the first Irish to become Governor
The Irish and British armies did not appear for many more years, with the Battle of O’Connellstown, which took place sometime after the Battle of O’Connellstown, a British force that was routed by the Irish and British forces led by George Washington. At the time of the Battle, the Royal Irish and Royal Navy suffered defeat. John Broughton and others made their mark on Irish life as captains, captains and general, but by then they were no longer seen on the front lines. William Shakespeare’s A Christmas Carol shows the Irish in front of the British forces and shows them fighting the British while singing or having a conversation, just by the sound of a British gun. One of the characters in the original score for a novel is that of the Irish soldier as he wears a blue cap. One of the scenes in the original score for a novel is the Irish soldier fighting in the Battle of O’Connellstown. He is dressed in the British uniform, in a blue cap. It is not mentioned by name in the novel, but he is mentioned as a leading character in the play.[23]
Following the Battle of O’Connellstown, the Irish were seen wearing the French flag.
After the Battle of O’Connellstown, there arose a new and unique Irish nationalism known as the Alliance of Ireland. This came with the addition of the Anglo-French alliance, led by Admiral HĂ©ctor Martin, in March 1916, but without all its usual elements of unity, mainly the Unionists, as well as the Catholics.[24] The Alliance was eventually dissolved by General Henry Cullen and the Irish Liberation Army later in the War of 1812.[25]
In the 1780s, the First International was formed at Dublin to serve as an early centre of Irish political and social thinking. Following the defeat of the English at Holyrood, the Second International was founded and eventually the Nationalist Party founded in 1916, which was the government of the Republic of Ireland.[27] In the early 1760s, the Northern Ireland Parliamentary Party (“Northern Ireland,” The Daily Telegraph, 1774-1786) became the party of Robert Pearse, the Great Hon, and was officially designated the Nationalist Party. In 1863, the First Assembly of the United States of America called for the formation of a Nationalist Party,[28] and in 1864, the Third Assembly of the United States of America declared that it would accept the Republic of Ireland as a part of the United States. In 1897, the First Amendment to the Declaration of Independence was ratified; however, the constitution was not changed for 20 years. The Nationalists, led by the General’s father, William Fitzgerald, ran a Party, the Independent Nationalists (I, the first Irish to become Governor
In 1895 Eugene returned to New York to attend the Mt. St. Vincent boarding school and later the De La Salle Institute. During these years, his family summered at Monte Cristo Cottage in New London, Connecticut. When Eugene was 13, he discovered that his mother had become addicted to morphine due to the pain following his birth. Also, his learned of his brother was an alcoholic. These two events plagued him for years to come and greatly impacted his writing and alcohol problem later in life. At this time he also became engrossed in the controversial work of writers such as Ibsen, Shaw, Wilde, Nietzsche and Swinburne. Eugene attended Princeton University for a year, but when suspended following a drunken exploit he chose to not return to school.
In 1912 he was diagnosed with tuberculosis and spent the next year in a half in a sanatorium, where his doctor encouraged him to write plays. When released, he briefly returned home to New London where his father paid to have a collection of Eugene’s one-acts produced. He then spend the next 39 years living in pubs in bad parts of New England, Greenwich Village, and France. In his life he was married three times, and had three children, Eugene Jr., Shane and Oona. By 1923 both his mother, father and brother Jamie had all died. Eugene physical and mental health declined following him disowning Oona when she married Charlie Chaplain, a man his age and Eugene Jr. committing
suicide. In 1936 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature but could not accept the award in person due to poor health. He died on, November 27th, 1953 and was buried in Forest Hills Cemetery in Boston. Neither of his surviving children attended the funeral.
Ah, Wilderness!, opened on Broadway in the Guild Theatre on October 13th, 1933. It received fair reviews more praise given to the strength of the actors than the actual script itself. The plot is a fairly simple one of boy rebels, boy gets caught, boy’s partenta thinks it is the end of the world, everything settles naturally, the father and mother begin to remember that once they were young. However as the Times wrote:
it hardly communicates the warmth of pity that floods through the play. He not only likes these folk, but he understands them… his recognition of the tortures of adolescence… bring him closer to most of us than any of his other plays have done. The lines that draw laughter from the audience cannot be detached from the play for isolated quotation. Part of the humor comes from the intellectual timidities that we persuade ourselves were typical of that day. If Mr. O’Neill’s approach to Richard’s torment of eager, youthful problems is not humorous it is fraught with humanity, and it is alternately poignant and disarming.
This story is set in a large-small town in Connecticut, most likely O’Neill’s home of New London. It revolves around a second son of the Miller family, Richard and his growth out of adolescent revolt into a maturity and awareness of what love is really about. Not only does he make this breakthrough, but he also helps to remind this to his parents and his Uncle and Aunt and their long-failed relationship. Richard’s