Court HistoryCourt History and PurposeCourt History and PurposeCourts can be found all over the world with each one possessing its own identity and ideals of how they implement the laws of their lands. Whether one envisions those in power condemning perpetrators to the “gulags” of way back when or to dirty archaic prisons of third world countries, we can rest assure that American courts have matured considerably over time. Courts in America have specific purposes, are a diverse system comprised of the federal and state courts, and have played numerous roles within the justice system over the course of time. We will look at those areas more closely and see how they contributed to the role of courts in today’s criminal justice system.
The Legalization of Marijuana and the Criminalization of the Marijuana Movement
For nearly two centuries, organized crime has maintained a persistent practice of “marijuana prohibition,” which is seen as a significant tool for the U.S. government. Most recently, it has been used against nonviolent marijuana users by the government as an attack on private property. It was the latest legal movement in the American Revolution—the movement against the “war on drugs” from 1789-1803 that resulted in numerous arrests of criminals. In these circumstances, the legal regime has become increasingly “dangerous.” Yet the U.S. government has repeatedly deployed other means of enforcing the prohibition against marijuana, such as laws about driving on weekends and mandatory drug-sniffing warrants, or some combination of these.
[…]
What’s the answer?
Well, in the past five years there have been some reports that the government’s actions, which have included increased marijuana production and distribution, have raised concerns for a variety of legitimate reasons, including federal criminal laws and their use in domestic commerce. These include: ”*
* The use of marijuana for illegal purposes in illicit commerce;
* the increase in marijuana production and distribution with the Federal Bureau of Narcotic Drugs (CBND);
* increased use of hashish and hash-heads, even while smoking marijuana, in the public interest; ”
* increased marijuana production and distribution after the introduction of mandatory federal background checks, or by a combination of these two measures, which have become a national problem due to increased marijuana use and the lack of safe and effective alternatives to stoned joints.
* the “Penny Babies” phenomenon due to recent mass recreational users, as illustrated by:
(b) A recent survey of 2,000 adults by the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws & Policy, conducted during the third week of the annual Colorado and Washington State State NORML Spring Meeting & Conference to support the recommendations of NORML (National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws & Policy, NORML), found that more than half are now in favor of regulating and legalizing marijuana. More than 50% of Americans support the legalization & distribution of marijuana.*
* A number of studies by the American Sociological Association found that the U.S. and European states are generally more supportive of legalization, and that there’s been a gradual rise in legalization rates over the last 12 years. As a result of these studies, there are some interesting results regarding the role played by other countries, such as our own.
The key takeaway from our recent article, ” we believe the U.S.-European relationship is well defined. According to this definition, the “two main problems confronting the United States” have been the illegal drug trade (i.e., illicit marijuana trafficking &) marijuana decriminalization:
* Cannabis sales in the U.S. have been at an annual rate of up to 15% above the national average, but there is an increase in this illegal traffic, where legal marijuana has been sold at upwards of 20%. The increase in legal marijuana sale has been associated with some of the highest marijuana trafficking rates.
[…]
Here’s one area of concern, however: many people in countries with no established federal criminal laws are unaware of the extent to which the illicit drug trade directly affects national borders. In those countries, illicit drugs are sold via direct contact with minors, where teenagers are being trafficked in and out of the country. Additionally, if illegal drugs are sent to the U.S., they are subject to federal customs inspection. Therefore, some groups of teens are forced to live or work in countries which have
In the 1800s and 1900s, the country of today was growing exponentially in the United States. While the U.S. government was growing exponentially—in large part due to the mass incarceration and the growing number of prisoners held in federal prisons in the U.S., not to mention the massive crime that was rising across the country—there was still a great need for federal and state law enforcement agencies to respond quickly and effectively to the growing number of nonviolent offenders from out of state. The FBI, National Gang Intelligence Unit, and the National Sheriffs’ Drug Taskforce were created in the early 1930s to investigate the growing number of violent crimes of individuals incarcerated in the state correctional system at the time, along with the mass murder cases associated with those committed in the state after the U.S. Civil War. These law enforcement agencies had to keep an eye on these offenders because they were an important source of funds to build prisons and improve the conditions in which some of those serving time could return to work. The federal government also had to create and operate its own programs of “prison training,” and so during these years, the U.S. government began to develop numerous federal laws targeting the problem, including the federal Juvenile Justice Act, which included many provisions about “prisoning juveniles.” During this period of times the feds would develop and implement their own programs to deal with the growing number of children in U.S. prison populations.
The American Civil War also brought the war in many cases from states in which people were serving time to states serving their time (such as Wisconsin, Michigan, Michigan, and Ohio). The majority of those people in these states could soon be sent back to prison by the federal government if federal agents ever found evidence of the existence of federal drug organizations operating. While the actual war crimes are so extensive and varied that there are still many states serving people not considered violent by the federal government, there may be more still deserving of being held accountable for federal drug atrocities or other offenses than what is being reported.
Unfortunately, the War on Drugs continues and it continues to cause harm to
The Legalization of Marijuana and the Criminalization of the Marijuana Movement
For nearly two centuries, organized crime has maintained a persistent practice of “marijuana prohibition,” which is seen as a significant tool for the U.S. government. Most recently, it has been used against nonviolent marijuana users by the government as an attack on private property. It was the latest legal movement in the American Revolution—the movement against the “war on drugs” from 1789-1803 that resulted in numerous arrests of criminals. In these circumstances, the legal regime has become increasingly “dangerous.” Yet the U.S. government has repeatedly deployed other means of enforcing the prohibition against marijuana, such as laws about driving on weekends and mandatory drug-sniffing warrants, or some combination of these.
[…]
What’s the answer?
Well, in the past five years there have been some reports that the government’s actions, which have included increased marijuana production and distribution, have raised concerns for a variety of legitimate reasons, including federal criminal laws and their use in domestic commerce. These include: ”*
* The use of marijuana for illegal purposes in illicit commerce;
* the increase in marijuana production and distribution with the Federal Bureau of Narcotic Drugs (CBND);
* increased use of hashish and hash-heads, even while smoking marijuana, in the public interest; ”
* increased marijuana production and distribution after the introduction of mandatory federal background checks, or by a combination of these two measures, which have become a national problem due to increased marijuana use and the lack of safe and effective alternatives to stoned joints.
* the “Penny Babies” phenomenon due to recent mass recreational users, as illustrated by:
(b) A recent survey of 2,000 adults by the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws & Policy, conducted during the third week of the annual Colorado and Washington State State NORML Spring Meeting & Conference to support the recommendations of NORML (National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws & Policy, NORML), found that more than half are now in favor of regulating and legalizing marijuana. More than 50% of Americans support the legalization & distribution of marijuana.*
* A number of studies by the American Sociological Association found that the U.S. and European states are generally more supportive of legalization, and that there’s been a gradual rise in legalization rates over the last 12 years. As a result of these studies, there are some interesting results regarding the role played by other countries, such as our own.
The key takeaway from our recent article, ” we believe the U.S.-European relationship is well defined. According to this definition, the “two main problems confronting the United States” have been the illegal drug trade (i.e., illicit marijuana trafficking &) marijuana decriminalization:
* Cannabis sales in the U.S. have been at an annual rate of up to 15% above the national average, but there is an increase in this illegal traffic, where legal marijuana has been sold at upwards of 20%. The increase in legal marijuana sale has been associated with some of the highest marijuana trafficking rates.
[…]
Here’s one area of concern, however: many people in countries with no established federal criminal laws are unaware of the extent to which the illicit drug trade directly affects national borders. In those countries, illicit drugs are sold via direct contact with minors, where teenagers are being trafficked in and out of the country. Additionally, if illegal drugs are sent to the U.S., they are subject to federal customs inspection. Therefore, some groups of teens are forced to live or work in countries which have
In the 1800s and 1900s, the country of today was growing exponentially in the United States. While the U.S. government was growing exponentially—in large part due to the mass incarceration and the growing number of prisoners held in federal prisons in the U.S., not to mention the massive crime that was rising across the country—there was still a great need for federal and state law enforcement agencies to respond quickly and effectively to the growing number of nonviolent offenders from out of state. The FBI, National Gang Intelligence Unit, and the National Sheriffs’ Drug Taskforce were created in the early 1930s to investigate the growing number of violent crimes of individuals incarcerated in the state correctional system at the time, along with the mass murder cases associated with those committed in the state after the U.S. Civil War. These law enforcement agencies had to keep an eye on these offenders because they were an important source of funds to build prisons and improve the conditions in which some of those serving time could return to work. The federal government also had to create and operate its own programs of “prison training,” and so during these years, the U.S. government began to develop numerous federal laws targeting the problem, including the federal Juvenile Justice Act, which included many provisions about “prisoning juveniles.” During this period of times the feds would develop and implement their own programs to deal with the growing number of children in U.S. prison populations.
The American Civil War also brought the war in many cases from states in which people were serving time to states serving their time (such as Wisconsin, Michigan, Michigan, and Ohio). The majority of those people in these states could soon be sent back to prison by the federal government if federal agents ever found evidence of the existence of federal drug organizations operating. While the actual war crimes are so extensive and varied that there are still many states serving people not considered violent by the federal government, there may be more still deserving of being held accountable for federal drug atrocities or other offenses than what is being reported.
Unfortunately, the War on Drugs continues and it continues to cause harm to
Courts started out as a tool of society to be used to control and reprimand those who failed to follow the norms of the group. Courts of today are defined as an agency of the government, guided by an established set of guidelines and are responsible for deciding cases, and settling controversies and disputes of those guidelines by judicial officers, (Siegal, Schmalleger, Worrall, 2011). The primary elements of a court are that it has proper legal authority, normally found in the judicial branch of the government, and are empowered to make decisions that are binding, (2011).
The American court system is a dual system made up of federal and state courts. It is identified as a dual system because specific areas of litigation are separated under the responsibility of federal and state with some overlapping areas. The federal court system is comprised of the Courts of Appeals, Courts of Appeals for the Federal Circuits, the Courts of Military Appeals and the Supreme Court, (Schmalleger, 2009). The state court system is made up of Trial Courts of Limited Jurisdiction, Probate Court, Trial Courts of General Jurisdiction, Intermediate Appellate Court, and State Supreme Court, (2009). Under the parameters of each court system, federal encompasses federal criminal law and state covers state criminal law, each possessing a hierarchy within in own system. In a larger scope, state cases can be heard in federal courts, and higher courts can alter the decisions of lower courts, (Siegal, Schmalleger, Worrall, 2011). The dual court system is a well functioned concept, where states are afforded the opportunity to make and enforce their laws, and the federal is the central governing body whose powers are well defined by the United